Obscenity Law in Ohio

Ohio\u27s new obscenity statutes enacted in 1972 and made effective on January 1, 1974 are interesting to examine in light of recent Supreme Court holdings. The changes made in Ohio\u27s obscenity statutes over the years reflect the Supreme Court\u27s guidelines in varying degrees. Before looking at some of these recent statutes, as well as the present one in effect today, it is necessary to review the major Supreme Court decisions which have set these guidelines

Extreme downside risk and market turbulence

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Taylor & Francis (Routledge) via the DOI in this record.We investigate the dynamics of the relationship between returns and extreme downside risk in different states of the market by combining the framework of Bali, Demirtas, and Levy (2009) with a Markov switching mechanism. We show that the risk-return relationship identified by Bali, Demirtas, and Levy (2009) is highly significant in the low volatility state but disappears during periods of market turbulence. This is puzzling since it is during such periods that downside risk should be most prominent. We show that the absence of the riskreturn relationship in the high volatility state is due to leverage and volatility feedback effects arising from increased persistence in volatility. To better filter out these effects, we propose a simple modification that yields a positive tail risk-return relationship in all states of market volatility

Differences in unpleasantness induced by experimental pressure pain between patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls

Pain possesses both sensory and affective dimensions, which are highly correlated yet distinct. Comparison of these dimensions within experimental pain settings has resulted in the construct of relative unpleasantness. Relative unpleasantness is defined as the amount of affective unpleasantness elicited for a given sensory magnitude. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between affective and sensory components of evoked pain in subjects with fibromyalgia (FM) and healthy controls. Here we show that patients with FM unexpectedly display less relative unpleasantness than healthy controls in response to random noxious pressure stimuli. Relative unpleasantness was not correlated with distress, anxiety, or depression, which were pronounced in the FM group. Clinical pain in patients with FM was perceived to be more unpleasant than the evoked pain stimuli. These results are consistent with the concept that chronic pain may reduce the relative unpleasantness of evoked pain sensations

Optimizing Spatial Resolution with the Mechanical Design of an X-Ray Computed Tomography Scanner

With an understanding of the x-ray physics of a computed tomography (CT) [1–4] scanner with discrete detectors, and with knowledge of the scanner’s geometry (the spatial relationship among the x-ray source, the detectors, and the object being scanned), it is possible to predict the achievable spatial resolution in images of objects of a certain size and density. However, if the size of the x-ray focal spot must be changed or if an object larger or smaller than the one for which the scanner is optimized is to be scanned, the spatial resolution may change. To maximize spatial resolution for a range of objects and x-ray sources, a scanner can be designed with a variable geometry, so that the spatial relationship of the scanner components can be changed to best fit each application

Differences in unpleasantness induced by experimental pressure pain between patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls

Pain possesses both sensory and affective dimensions, which are highly correlated yet distinct. Comparison of these dimensions within experimental pain settings has resulted in the construct of relative unpleasantness. Relative unpleasantness is defined as the amount of affective unpleasantness elicited for a given sensory magnitude. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between affective and sensory components of evoked pain in subjects with fibromyalgia (FM) and healthy controls. Here we show that patients with FM unexpectedly display less relative unpleasantness than healthy controls in response to random noxious pressure stimuli. Relative unpleasantness was not correlated with distress, anxiety, or depression, which were pronounced in the FM group. Clinical pain in patients with FM was perceived to be more unpleasant than the evoked pain stimuli. These results are consistent with the concept that chronic pain may reduce the relative unpleasantness of evoked pain sensations.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90166/1/j.ejpain.2004.09.001.pd

p66Shc activation promotes increased oxidative phosphorylation and renders CNS cells more vulnerable to amyloid beta toxicity

A key pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the accumulation of the neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide within the brains of affected individuals. Previous studies have shown that neuronal cells selected for resistance to Aβ toxicity display a metabolic shift from mitochondrial-dependent oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to aerobic glycolysis to meet their energy needs. The Src homology/collagen (Shc) adaptor protein p66Shc is a key regulator of mitochondrial function, ROS production and aging. Moreover, increased expression and activation of p66Shc promotes a shift in the cellular metabolic state from aerobic glycolysis to OXPHOS in cancer cells. Here we evaluated the hypothesis that activation of p66Shc in CNS cells promotes both increased OXPHOS and enhanced sensitivity to Aβ toxicity. The effect of altered p66Shc expression on metabolic activity was assessed in rodent HT22 and B12 cell lines of neuronal and glial origin respectively. Overexpression of p66Shc repressed glycolytic enzyme expression and increased both mitochondrial electron transport chain activity and ROS levels in HT22 cells. The opposite effect was observed when endogenous p66Shc expression was knocked down in B12 cells. Moreover, p66Shc activation in both cell lines increased their sensitivity to Aβ toxicity. Our findings indicate that expression and activation of p66Shc renders CNS cells more sensitive to Aβ toxicity by promoting mitochondrial OXPHOS and ROS production while repressing aerobic glycolysis. Thus, p66Shc may represent a potential therapeutically relevant target for the treatment of AD

Proof of concept for an innovative pump fishway design to move fish upstream over dams

Reversing worldwide declines in freshwater fish while making sustainable use of water resources will require effective and economical fishways to restore fish migrations. Mitigation of barrier effects at dams and weirs is too often impeded by poor fishway performance and high costs, so that many fish migrations continue to be obstructed. Improved and less-costly designs are urgently needed. Our innovative pump fishway concept combines fish-behaviour insights, proved fishways techniques and aquaculture’s pumping methods for safe upstream transport of living fish. We ran a series of experimental trials using several scale-model fishway designs with young, hatchery-bred fish. Our horizontal-cylinder design successfully combined volitional-passage functions of existing fishways with non-volitional transport in a conduit carrying pumped water. Several key principles of fish behaviour in fishways led to design improvements: disturbed fish often seek refuge at depth; fishes’ escape reactions strongly motivate swimming into flows; and curved structures aid passage by reducing delays. Replicated trials finally produced an average of 98% successful passage, within brief cycling periods. The pump fishway concept offers potential for effective upstream fish passage at new and existing sites \u3e~2m high, with low construction and maintenance costs and highly adaptable operation in variable flow regimes. Development beyond the concept-trial phase is now a priority