Review of \u3cem\u3eThe Loyal West: Civil War and Reunion in Middle America\u3c/em\u3e by Matthew E. Stanley

Interest in Civil War memory and post–Civil War sectional reconciliation has expanded greatly in recent years, as two 2016 historiographical essays attest.1 Matthew E. Stanley\u27s new book, The Loyal West: Civil War and Reunion in Middle America is thus well timed to make an important contribution to our evolving understanding of the process of sectional reconciliation in the decades following the Civil War. With his focus on Kentucky\u27s northern neighbors in the lower portions of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, the editorial staff of the Register of the Kentucky Historical Society believe Stanley\u27s book will help historians better understand the role Kentucky played in the events of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, which saw a white supremacist version of Civil War memory eclipse an emancipationist version nationally. We have asked four nineteenth-century historians to consider Stanley\u27s book from varying perspectives. M. Keith Harris teaches history at a private high school in Los Angeles, California. He is the author of Across the Bloody Chasm: The Culture of Commemoration among Civil War Veterans (2014) and is currently writing a book on D. W. Griffith\u27s controversial 1915 silent film, The Birth of a Nation. Anne E. Marshall is an associate professor of history at Mississippi State University and the author of Creating a Confederate Kentucky: The Lost Cause and Civil War Memory in a Border State (2012). James Marten is professor and chair of the history department at Marquette University. His most recent books are Sing Not War: The Lives of Union and Confederate Veterans in Gilded Age America (2011) and America\u27s Corporal: James Tanner in War and Peace (2014). Kristopher Maulden is a visiting assistant professor of history at Columbia College in Missouri. He is completing a book manuscript on the influence of Federalist politics and federal policy in the Ohio River Valley, and he is engaged in a study of nineteenth-century Ohio newspaper editor Charles Hammond. Finally, the author of The Loyal West, Matthew E. Stanley, assistant professor of history at Albany State University, will respond to the reviews

Specialist and generalist cecidomyiid predators on aphids, mites, scale insects and other invertebrates

Published information on predaceous Cecidomyiidae is briefly reviewed and check-lists of the known species of specialist predators on aphids, mites and scale insects are provided. Two species are now used as commercially marketed biocontrol agents, namely Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) against aphids and Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) against tetranychid mites. Larvae of most known species of specialist predators (currently assigned to Coccodiplosis De Meijere, Dentifibula Felt, Diadiplosis Felt, Dicrodiplosis Kieffer, Megommata Barnes and Triommata Barnes) feed on Coccoidea (mealybugs and scale insects). Many species in the large and cosmopolitan genus Lestodiplosis Kieffer have been recorded as specialist predators on various invertebrate hosts, including mites, cecidomyiid larvae and lepidopterous caterpillars, but recent observations in the UK indicate that at least some of these ‘species’ may represent opportunistic general predators feeding on a range of different hosts. Past and present studies of the Cecidomyiidae have been hampered by inadequate taxonomic treatment and there is an obvious need for new biosystematic studies to provide a better information base for further research and application. Key words: Cecidomyiidae, predators, aphids, mites, scale insects, mealybugs. CECIDOMIIDI PREDATORI SPECIALISTI E GENERALISTI DI AFIDI, ACARI, DIASPINI E ALTRI INVERTEBRATI Viene presentata una breve rassegna di notizie pubblicate sui cecidomiidi predatori e una check-list di specie note predatrici specializzate di afidi e di cocciniglie. Due specie sono oggi distribuite commercialmente come agenti di controllo biologico: Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) contro afidi, e Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) contro acari tetranichidi. Le larve della maggior parte dei cecidomiidi predatori specializzati (correntemente assegnate ai generi Coccodiplosis De Meijere, Dentifibula Felt, Diadiplosis Felt, Dicrodiplosis Kieffer, Megommata Barnes and Triommata Barnes) si sviluppano a spese di Coccoidei. Molte specie del vasto genere cosmopolita Lestodiplosis Kieffer sono state segnalate come predatrici specializzate di svariati invertebrati tra cui acari, larve di altri cecidomiidi e perfino di lepidotteri, ma recenti osservazioni condotte in Inghilterra evidenziano che almeno alcune di queste specie rappresentano generici predatori opportunisti che si alimentano di una serie di vittime differenti. Studi antichi e recenti sui cecidomiidi sono stati penalizzati dalla carenza di accurate determinazioni tassonomiche, ed esiste la necessità di nuovi studi biosistematici atti a fornire conoscenze di base per ulteriori ricerche conoscitive e applicate. Parole chiave: Cecidomyiidae, predatori, afidi, acari, diaspini, pseudococcidi

Response to comment on "Human-specific gain of function in a developmental enhancer"

Duret and Galtier argue that human-specific sequence divergence and gain of function in the HACNS1 enhancer result from deleterious biased gene conversion (BGC) with no contribution from positive selection. We reinforce our previous conclusion by analyzing hypothesized BGC events genomewide and assessing the effect of recombination rates on human-accelerated conserved noncoding sequence ascertainment. We also provide evidence that AT → GC substitution bias can coexist with positive selection

Prenatal development is linked to bronchial reactivity: epidemiological and animal model evidence

Chronic cardiorespiratory disease is associated with low birthweight suggesting the importance of the developmental environment. Prenatal factors affecting fetal growth are believed important, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The influence of developmental programming on bronchial hyperreactivity is investigated in an animal model and evidence for comparable associations is sought in humans. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed either control or protein-restricted diets throughout pregnancy. Bronchoconstrictor responses were recorded from offspring bronchial segments. Morphometric analysis of paraffin-embedded lung sections was conducted. In a human mother-child cohort ultrasound measurements of fetal growth were related to bronchial hyperreactivity, measured at age six years using methacholine. Protein-restricted rats' offspring demonstrated greater bronchoconstriction than controls. Airway structure was not altered. Children with lesser abdominal circumference growth during 11-19 weeks' gestation had greater bronchial hyperreactivity than those with more rapid abdominal growth. Imbalanced maternal nutrition during pregnancy results in offspring bronchial hyperreactivity. Prenatal environmental influences might play a comparable role in humans

Further studies on relic neutrino asymmetry generation II: a rigorous treatment of repopulation in the adiabatic limit

We derive an approximate relic neutrino asymmetry evolution equation that systematically incorporates repopulation processes from the full quantum kinetic equations (QKEs). It is shown that in the collision dominant epoch, the said equation reduces precisely to the expression obtained previously from the static/adiabatic approximation. The present treatment thus provides a rigorous justification for the seemingly incongruous assumptions of a negligible repopulation function and instantaneous repopulation sometimes employed in earlier works.Comment: RevTeX, 11 pages, no figure

Remembering the umma in the confines of the nation state

The chapter presents one framework of political formation, the umma, understood here as the global community of Muslims, and overlays this historical and contemporary assembly on that of the liberal citizenship of the nation state. It argues that the umma disrupts some of the assumptions of liberal citizenship, specifically the role of the individual and the secular characters of that citizenship. Such disruption is achieved through drawing on pre-colonial memories. In relation to the wider discussion on diasporic and transnational understandings of religious culture within established populations, this chapter traces how Muslims who settle in European societies interact with the norms of liberal citizenship found therein. It concludes that notions of citizenship as derived from historical imaginings of the umma can nonetheless largely accommodate themselves alongside a framework of liberal citizenship. Transnational Muslim solidarity or community does not entail an actual threat to liberal citizenship with regards to Muslims living in European countries, but it does question the liberal theoretical position regarding how communities are formed, presenting challenges to individualism

Self-Help: Extrajudicial Rights, Privileges and Remedies in Contemporary American Society

This Special Project examines the myriad forms of self-help currently available to persons in American society. It groups and discusses notable self-help rights, privileges, and remedies under topical classifications that parallel traditional jurisprudential categories. Parts H through VI of the Special Project sketch the legally fashioned contours and explore the legal, social, and political consequences of self-help methods in tort law, criminal law and law enforcement, commercial transactions, landlord-tenant relations,and family law matters. Part VII explores the attorney\u27s role in the development and implementation of curative self-help procedures such as mediation. Special Project concludes by examining the function, mechanisms, and merits of two increasingly popular alternative dispute resolution processes--rent-a-judge programs and the ombudsman--that offer hope for continued peaceable dispute resolution

Predictive response-relevant clustering of expression data provides insights into disease processes

This article describes and illustrates a novel method of microarray data analysis that couples model-based clustering and binary classification to form clusters of ;response-relevant' genes; that is, genes that are informative when discriminating between the different values of the response. Predictions are subsequently made using an appropriate statistical summary of each gene cluster, which we call the ;meta-covariate' representation of the cluster, in a probit regression model. We first illustrate this method by analysing a leukaemia expression dataset, before focusing closely on the meta-covariate analysis of a renal gene expression dataset in a rat model of salt-sensitive hypertension. We explore the biological insights provided by our analysis of these data. In particular, we identify a highly influential cluster of 13 genes-including three transcription factors (Arntl, Bhlhe41 and Npas2)-that is implicated as being protective against hypertension in response to increased dietary sodium. Functional and canonical pathway analysis of this cluster using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis implicated transcriptional activation and circadian rhythm signalling, respectively. Although we illustrate our method using only expression data, the method is applicable to any high-dimensional datasets

Shifting markers of identity in East London's diasporic religious spaces

This article discusses the historical and geographical contexts of diasporic religious buildings in East London, revealing – contrary both to conventional narratives of immigrant integration, mobility, and succession and to identitarian understandings of belonging – that in such spaces and in the concrete devotional practices enacted in them, markers and boundaries of identity (ritual, spatial, and political) are contested, renegotiated, erased, and rewritten. It draws on a series of case-studies: Fieldgate Street Synagogue in its interrelationship with the East London Mosque; St Antony's Catholic Church in Forest Gate where Hindus and Christians worship together; and the intertwined histories of Methodism and Anglicanism in Bow Road. Exploration of the intersections between ethnicity, religiosity, and class illuminates the ambiguity and instability of identity-formation and expression within East London's diasporic faith spaces

The effect of vitamin C deficiency and chronic ultraviolet-B exposure on corneal ultrastructure: a preliminary investigation

Purpose: In the visually debilitating condition of climatic droplet keratopathy, corneal transparency is progressively lost. Although the precise cause of the disease and the mechanism by which it progresses are not known, a lifetime exposure to high solar radiation and a vitamin C–deficient diet may be involved in its development. This study examines the effect of dietary ascorbate levels and ultraviolet (UV)-B exposure on corneal stromal structure. Methods: Eight guinea pigs were divided into four treatment groups (A, B, C, and D). For 15 weeks, Groups A and C were fed an ascorbate-rich diet (2 mg/100 g bodyweight/day), while Groups B and D received an ascorbate-deficient diet (0.07 mg/100 g bodyweight/day). For the last 12 weeks of the study, Groups C and D also experienced chronic UVB exposure (0.12 J/cm2 for 40 min/day). Following euthanasia, the corneas were enucleated and their stromal ultrastructure examined using X-ray scattering and electron microscopy. Results: UVB exposure resulted in an increased corneal thickness (p<0.001), but this was not accompanied by a widespread expansion of the collagen fibrillar array, and in the case of ascorbate-deficient animals, stromal thickening was associated with the compaction of collagen fibrils (p<0.01). Neither UVB exposure nor ascorbic acid deficiency caused any change in the average diameter or D-periodicity of the stromal collagen fibrils. Conclusions: UVB-induced changes in the corneal ultrastructure were most pronounced in animals fed an ascorbic acid–deficient diet. This suggests that ascorbic acid may play a vital role in protecting the corneal stroma from the harmful effects of UVB