Maailman halutuinta maitoa Suomesta - Lypsykarjatalouden tutkimuksen strategia 2018 - 2025

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Maailman halutuinta maitoa Suomesta : Suomen lypsykarjatalouden tutkimuksen strategia 2018–2025

Suomen maatalouselinkeinon selkeä kilpailuvaltti sekä ruokaturvan ja huoltovarmuuden tae ovat puhdas pohjoinen maaseutu ja sen vastuullinen hyödyntäminen. Elintarviketuotannon toimialoista maitosektori on keskeisin sekä taloudellisesti että työllisyysvaikutuksiltaan. Pysyäkseen kilpailukykyisenä jatkuvasti kovenevassa kansainvälisessä kilpailussa Suomen maitosektori tarvitsee huippuluokan tutkimustietoa sekä uusia innovaatioita ja ratkaisuja toiminnan resurssiviisaaseen kehittämiseen. Maitosektori voi selviytyä maatalouteen kohdistuvista ympäristöpaineista ja rakennemuutoksesta ainoastaan tutkimuksen ja innovaatioiden kautta. Niiden avulla voidaan myös optimoida niukkenevien resurssien käyttöä. Maitosektorin kehittämisessä voidaan onnistua lisäämällä voimakkaasti kansallista yhteistyötä tutkimussektorin ja lypsykarjatalouden sidosryhmien välillä. Entistä vahvemmalla yhteistyöllä suomalaisen lypsykarjatalouden toimijat pysyvät kilpailukykyisinä ja alan tutkimus kiinnostavana kansainvälisessä kilpailussa. Alan tutkimuksen ja sen sidosryhmien yhteistyönä on luotu lähivuosille yhteinen tutkimusstrategia tutkimuksen suuntaamiseksi tavoitteenaan Suomen lypsykarjatalouden kansallisen ja kansainvälisen kilpailukyvyn vahvistaminen. Tämän avulla pyritään parantamaan kotimaisen ruoantuotannon ja maatalouden elinvoimaisuutta, jotka ovat Suomen huoltovarmuuden oleellisia perusedellytyksiä. Strategian pääpaino on lypsykarjatalouden biologisessa tutkimuksessa, mutta sen piiriin kuuluvat myös maitosektorin tuotantoteknologia- talous- ja yhteiskuntatutkimus, maatalouden yritystalouden tutkimus sekä elintarvike- ja kuluttajatutkimus. Strategia on tehty ohjaamaan erityisesti lypsykarjatalouden tutkimusta tekeviä ja rahoittavia tahoja, mutta sen vaikutukset ulottuvat koko maitosektoriin ja yhteiskuntaan paremmin suunnatun ja tehokkaammin toteutetun lypsykarjatalouden tutkimuksen kautta. Lypsykarjatutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan käyttää hyväksi koko nautasektorilla, mikä luo edellytyksiä myös naudanlihantuotannon kehittämiseen. Strategialla on selkeä päämäärä: Maailman halutuinta maitoa Suomesta - huippututkimusta huippuyhteistyöllä. Se voidaan saavuttaa vain varmistamalla riittävä tutkimus-ja kehityspanostus ja rakentamalla aktiivinen yhteistyöverkosto alan toimijoiden kesken, jolloin suomalainen huippuosaaminen sekä korkealaatuiset ja turvalliset elintarvikkeet saavat ansaitsemaansa kansallista ja kansainvälistä näkyvyyttä. Samalla kansallinen huoltovarmuus paranee maaseudun elinvoimaisuuden säilyessä.201

Microbial community analysis reveals high level phylogenetic alterations in the overall gastrointestinal microbiota of diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome sufferers

Abstract Background A growing amount of scientific evidence suggests that microbes are involved in the aetiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota of individuals suffering from diarrhoea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) is distinguishable from other IBS-subtypes. In our study, the GI microbiota of IBS-D patients was evaluated and compared with healthy controls (HC) by using a high-resolution sequencing method. The method allowed microbial community analysis on all levels of microbial genomic guanine plus cytosine (G+C) content, including high G+C bacteria. Methods The collective faecal microbiota composition of ten IBS-D patients was analysed by examining sequences obtained using percent G+C (%G+C) -based profiling and fractioning combined with 16S rRNA gene clone library sequencing of 3267 clones. The IBS-D library was compared with an analogous healthy-control library of 23 subjects. Real-time PCR analysis was used to identify phylotypes belonging to the class Gammaproteobacteria and the order Coriobacteriales. Results Significant differences were found between clone libraries of IBS-D patients and controls. The microbial communities of IBS-D patients were enriched in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, but reduced in the number of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes compared to control. In particular, 16S rDNA sequences belonging to the family Lachnospiraceae within the phylum Firmicutes were in greater abundance in the IBS-D clone library. Conclusions In the microbiota of IBS-D sufferers, notable differences were detected among the prominent bacterial phyla (Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria) localized within the GI tract

Secretor Genotype (FUT2 gene) Is Strongly Associated with the Composition of Bifidobacteria in the Human Intestine

Intestinal microbiota plays an important role in human health, and its composition is determined by several factors, such as diet and host genotype. However, thus far it has remained unknown which host genes are determinants for the microbiota composition. We studied the diversity and abundance of dominant bacteria and bifidobacteria from the faecal samples of 71 healthy individuals. In this cohort, 14 were non-secretor individuals and the remainders were secretors. The secretor status is defined by the expression of the ABH and Lewis histo-blood group antigens in the intestinal mucus and other secretions. It is determined by fucosyltransferase 2 enzyme, encoded by the FUT2 gene. Non-functional enzyme resulting from a nonsense mutation in the FUT2 gene leads to the non-secretor phenotype. PCR-DGGE and qPCR methods were applied for the intestinal microbiota analysis. Principal component analysis of bifidobacterial DGGE profiles showed that the samples of non-secretor individuals formed a separate cluster within the secretor samples. Moreover, bifidobacterial diversity (p<0.0001), richness (p<0.0003), and abundance (p<0.05) were significantly reduced in the samples from the non-secretor individuals as compared with those from the secretor individuals. The non-secretor individuals lacked, or were rarely colonized by, several genotypes related to B. bifidum, B. adolescentis and B. catenulatum/pseudocatenulatum. In contrast to bifidobacteria, several bacterial genotypes were more common and the richness (p<0.04) of dominant bacteria as detected by PCR-DGGE was higher in the non-secretor individuals than in the secretor individuals. We showed that the diversity and composition of the human bifidobacterial population is strongly associated with the histo-blood group ABH secretor/non-secretor status, which consequently appears to be one of the host genetic determinants for the composition of the intestinal microbiota. This association can be explained by the difference between the secretor and non-secretor individuals in their expression of ABH and Lewis glycan epitopes in the mucosa

In Vitro Screen of Lactobacilli Strains for Gastrointestinal and Vaginal Benefits

Traditional probiotics comprise mainly lactic acid bacteria that are safe for human use, tolerate acid and bile, and adhere to the epithelial lining and mucosal surfaces. In this study, one hundred commercial and non-commercial strains that were isolated from human feces or vaginal samples were tested with regards to overall growth in culture media, tolerance to acid and bile, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, and adhesion to vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) and to blood group antigens. As a result, various of the tested lactobacilli strains were determined to be suitable for gastrointestinal or vaginal applications. Commercial strains grew better than the newly isolated strains, but tolerance to acid was a common property among all tested strains. Tolerance to bile varied considerably between the strains. Resistance to bile and acid correlated well, as did VEC adhesion and H2O2 production, but H2O2 production was not associated with resistance to bile or acid. Except for L. iners strains, vaginal isolates had better overall VEC adhesion and higher H2O2 production. Species- and strain-specific differences were evident for all parameters. Rank-ordered clustering with nine clusters was used to identify strains that were suitable for gastrointestinal or vaginal health, demonstrating that the categorization of strains for targeted health indications is possible based on the parameters that were measured in this study

Association between the ABO blood group and the human intestinal microbiota composition

Abstract Background The mucus layer covering the human intestinal epithelium forms a dynamic surface for host-microbial interactions. In addition to the environmental factors affecting the intestinal equilibrium, such as diet, it is well established that the microbiota composition is individually driven, but the host factors determining the composition have remained unresolved. Results In this study, we show that ABO blood group is involved in differences in relative proportion and overall profiles of intestinal microbiota. Specifically, the microbiota from the individuals harbouring the B antigen (secretor B and AB) differed from the non-B antigen groups and also showed higher diversity of the Eubacterium rectale-Clostridium coccoides (EREC) and Clostridium leptum (CLEPT) -groups in comparison with other blood groups. Conclusions Our novel finding indicates that the ABO blood group is one of the genetically determined host factors modulating the composition of the human intestinal microbiota, thus enabling new applications in the field of personalized nutrition and medicine.</p

Effect of polydextrose on intestinal microbes and immune functions in pigs

Dietary fibre has been proposed to decrease risk for colon cancer by altering the composition of intestinal microbes or their activity. In the present study, the changes in intestinal microbiota and its activity, and immunological characteristics, such as cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 gene expression in mucosa, in pigs fed with a high-energy-density diet, with and without supplementation of a soluble fibre (polydextrose; PDX) (30 g/d) were assessed in different intestinal compartments. PDX was gradually fermented throughout the intestine, and was still present in the distal colon. Irrespective of the diet throughout the intestine, of the four microbial groups determined by fluorescent in situ hybridisation, lactobacilli were found to be dominating, followed by clostridia and Bacteroides. Bifidobacteria represented a minority of the total intestinal microbiota. The numbers of bacteria increased approximately ten-fold from the distal small intestine to the distal colon. Concomitantly, also concentrations of SCFA and biogenic amines increased in the large intestine. In contrast, concentrations of luminal IgA decreased distally but the expression of mucosal COX-2 had a tendency to increase in the mucosa towards the distal colon. Addition of PDX to the diet significantly changed the fermentation endproducts, especially in the distal colon, whereas effects on bacteria] composition were rather minor. There was a reduction in concentrations of SCFA and tryptamine, and an increase in concentrations of spermidine in the colon upon PDX supplementation. Furthermore, PDX tended to decrease the expression of mucosal COX-2, therefore possibly reducing the risk of developing colon cancer-promoting conditions in the distal intestine

Mean relative abundances of the bacterial genera showing significant (ANOVA/indicator species analysis, p<0.05) or trend-like differences (p<0.09) between the non-secretors (n = 12) and the secretors (n = 12) or between the <i>FUT2</i> genotypes AA (n = 12), AG (n = 7), GG (n = 5).

<p>The statistical significance is indicated for a comparison of the secretors/<i>FUT2</i> genotypes AG and GG to the non-secretors/<i>FUT2</i> genotype AA. The taxa significantly differing in both indicator species analysis and ANOVA test are underlined.</p