Queima da vagem e podridão de raízes da soja causadas por linhagens de Fusarium graminearum e produção de micotoxinas

Amostras de sementes de soja (Glycine max) produzidas no Sul do Brasil estavam infetadas com Fusarium graminearum. Para determinar se membros desse complexo de espécies eram patogênicos à soja, seis isolados do fungo, originados de sementes soja, foram adicionados ao solo numa densidade de 103 macroconídios/ml ou vagens foram inoculadas individualmente com 104 macroconídios/ml. Plântulas crescidas em solo infestado desenvolveram pequenas lesões necróticas na coroa e na parte superior das raízes. Vagens inoculadas com conídios desenvolveram lesões necróticas marrom-escuro grandes (> 1 cm). Vagens jovens inoculadas com o fungo secaram e caíram da planta. Isolados de F. graminearum recuperados das lesões das coroas, raízes e vagens das plantas de soja foram identificadas como pertencentes aos grupos de compatibilidade 1, 2 ou 8, através da análise da seqüência de DNA do gene EF1-alfa, quando comparados com as linhagens conhecidas. Dois isolados de F. graminearum dos Estados Unidos, pertencentes ao grupo de compatibilidade 7, causaram sintomas semelhantes em soja. Testes das micotoxinas produzidas em soja e trigo (Triticum aestivum) indicaram que a maioria dos isolados Brasileiros produz Nivalenol, como a principal toxina dos tricotecenos, ao invés de Deoxinivalenol. Em adição, os isolados dos grupos 2 e 8 produziram uma nova toxina, o 3,Acetil- Nivalenol.Surveys of soybean (Glycine max) seed grown in South Brazil revealed infection with Fusarium graminearum. To determine if members of this complex were pathogenic to soybean, six strains derived from soybean were added to soil at a rate of 103 macroconidia/ ml or individual pods were inoculated with 104 macroconidia/ml. Seedlings grown in infested soil developed small necrotic lesions in the crown and upper roots. Pods inoculated with conidia developed large (>1 cm), dark brown, necrotic lesions. Younger pods inoculated with the fungus blighted and dropped from the plant. Strains of the F. graminearum complex recovered from lesions on the crown, roots and pods of soybean plants were identified as lineage 1, 2 or 8 by obtaining the DNA sequence from the EF1-alpha gene and comparing it to strains of the known lineage. Two strains of F. graminearum lineage 7 from the U.S. caused similar symptoms of the disease on soybean. Mycotoxin tests on soybean and wheat (Triticum aestivum) indicate that most Brazilian strains produce nivalenol as the major trichothecene mycotoxin rather than deoxynivalenol. In addition, strains from lineages 2 and 8 produce the novel trichothecene, 3-acetylnivalenol

Queima da vagem e podridão de raízes da soja causadas por linhagens de Fusarium graminearum e produção de micotoxinas

Amostras de sementes de soja (Glycine max) produzidas no Sul do Brasil estavam infetadas com Fusarium graminearum. Para determinar se membros desse complexo de espécies eram patogênicos à soja, seis isolados do fungo, originados de sementes soja, foram adicionados ao solo numa densidade de 103 macroconídios/ml ou vagens foram inoculadas individualmente com 104 macroconídios/ml. Plântulas crescidas em solo infestado desenvolveram pequenas lesões necróticas na coroa e na parte superior das raízes. Vagens inoculadas com conídios desenvolveram lesões necróticas marrom-escuro grandes (> 1 cm). Vagens jovens inoculadas com o fungo secaram e caíram da planta. Isolados de F. graminearum recuperados das lesões das coroas, raízes e vagens das plantas de soja foram identificadas como pertencentes aos grupos de compatibilidade 1, 2 ou 8, através da análise da seqüência de DNA do gene EF1-alfa, quando comparados com as linhagens conhecidas. Dois isolados de F. graminearum dos Estados Unidos, pertencentes ao grupo de compatibilidade 7, causaram sintomas semelhantes em soja. Testes das micotoxinas produzidas em soja e trigo (Triticum aestivum) indicaram que a maioria dos isolados Brasileiros produz Nivalenol, como a principal toxina dos tricotecenos, ao invés de Deoxinivalenol. Em adição, os isolados dos grupos 2 e 8 produziram uma nova toxina, o 3,Acetil- Nivalenol.Surveys of soybean (Glycine max) seed grown in South Brazil revealed infection with Fusarium graminearum. To determine if members of this complex were pathogenic to soybean, six strains derived from soybean were added to soil at a rate of 103 macroconidia/ ml or individual pods were inoculated with 104 macroconidia/ml. Seedlings grown in infested soil developed small necrotic lesions in the crown and upper roots. Pods inoculated with conidia developed large (>1 cm), dark brown, necrotic lesions. Younger pods inoculated with the fungus blighted and dropped from the plant. Strains of the F. graminearum complex recovered from lesions on the crown, roots and pods of soybean plants were identified as lineage 1, 2 or 8 by obtaining the DNA sequence from the EF1-alpha gene and comparing it to strains of the known lineage. Two strains of F. graminearum lineage 7 from the U.S. caused similar symptoms of the disease on soybean. Mycotoxin tests on soybean and wheat (Triticum aestivum) indicate that most Brazilian strains produce nivalenol as the major trichothecene mycotoxin rather than deoxynivalenol. In addition, strains from lineages 2 and 8 produce the novel trichothecene, 3-acetylnivalenol

Phylogenomic analysis of a 55.1 kb 19-gene dataset resolves a monophyletic Fusarium that includes the Fusarium solani Species Complex.

Scientific communication is facilitated by a data-driven, scientifically sound taxonomy that considers the end-user's needs and established successful practice. Previously (Geiser et al. 2013; Phytopathology 103:400-408. 2013), the Fusarium community voiced near unanimous support for a concept of Fusarium that represented a clade comprising all agriculturally and clinically important Fusarium species, including the F. solani Species Complex (FSSC). Subsequently, this concept was challenged by one research group (Lombard et al. 2015 Studies in Mycology 80: 189-245) who proposed dividing Fusarium into seven genera, including the FSSC as the genus Neocosmospora, with subsequent justification based on claims that the Geiser et al. (2013) concept of Fusarium is polyphyletic (Sandoval-Denis et al. 2018; Persoonia 41:109-129). Here we test this claim, and provide a phylogeny based on exonic nucleotide sequences of 19 orthologous protein-coding genes that strongly support the monophyly of Fusarium including the FSSC. We reassert the practical and scientific argument in support of a Fusarium that includes the FSSC and several other basal lineages, consistent with the longstanding use of this name among plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, students and researchers with a stake in its taxonomy. In recognition of this monophyly, 40 species recently described as Neocosmospora were recombined in Fusarium, and nine others were renamed Fusarium. Here the global Fusarium community voices strong support for the inclusion of the FSSC in Fusarium, as it remains the best scientific, nomenclatural and practical taxonomic option available