System Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on

A major concern for IS managers is that information security policies seldom produce expected outcomes. Previously, scholars have studied motivations underlying non-conformance to policies and proposed approaches for motivating employees. However, the socio-cognitive aspects that shape employees' perceptions of the policies and implications for policy outcomes have received modest attention. This study draws on socio-cognitive concept of frames and on literature on information security policies to suggest a theoretical and analytical concept of Information Security Policy Frames of Reference (ISPFOR). The concept provides a sensitizing device to interpret how the frames influence organizational groups' perceptions of policies and the implications of the perceptions on policy outcomes. Three frame categories were uncovered through an interpretive case study at large multinational internet service provider. Findings suggest frames shape perceptions of policies and provide an explanation for unanticipated policy outcomes. Implications for research and practice are discussed

The Effect of Confucian Work Ethics on Learning About Science and Technology Knowledge and Morality

Confucian work ethics, Chinese S&T personnel, innovative cultures, professional quality, morality, knowledge learning,

CIITA variation in the presence of HLA-DRB1*1501 increases risk for multiple sclerosis

The MHC class II transactivator gene (CIITA) is an important transcription factor regulating gene required for HLA class II MHC-restricted antigen presentation. Association with HLA class II variation, particularly HLA-DRB1*1501, has been well-established for multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition, the −168A/G CIITA promoter variant (rs3087456) has been reported to be associated with MS. Thus, a multi-stage investigation of variation within CIITA, DRB1*1501 and MS was undertaken in 6108 individuals. In stage 1, 24 SNPs within CIITA were genotyped in 1320 cases and 1363 controls (n = 2683). Rs4774 (missense +1614G/C; G500A) was associated with MS (P = 4.9 × 10−3), particularly in DRB1*1501 +individuals (P = 1 × 10−4). No association was observed for the −168A/G promoter variant. In stage 2, rs4774 was genotyped in 973 extended families; rs4774*C was also associated with increased risk for MS in DRB1*1501+ families (P = 2.3 × 10−2). In a third analysis, rs4774 was tested in cases and controls (stage 1) combined with one case per family (stage 2) for increased power. Rs4774*C was associated with MS (P = 1 × 10−3), particularly in DRB1*1501+ cases and controls (P = 1 × 10−4). Results obtained from logistic regression analysis showed evidence for interaction between rs4774*C and DRB1*1501 associated with risk for MS (ratio of ORs = 1.72, 95% CI 1.28–2.32, P = 3 × 10−4). Furthermore, rs4774*C was associated with DRB1*1501+ MS when conditioned on the presence (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.19–2.37, P = 1.9 × 10−3) and absence (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.15–1.95, P = 2.3 × 10−3) of CLEC16A rs6498169*G, a putative MS risk allele adjacent to CIITA. Our results provide strong evidence supporting a role for CIITA variation in MS risk, which appears to depend on the presence of DRB1*1501