Neurodevelopmental disorders in children aged 2-9 years: Population-based burden estimates across five regions in India.

BACKGROUND: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) compromise the development and attainment of full social and economic potential at individual, family, community, and country levels. Paucity of data on NDDs slows down policy and programmatic action in most developing countries despite perceived high burden. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We assessed 3,964 children (with almost equal number of boys and girls distributed in 2-<6 and 6-9 year age categories) identified from five geographically diverse populations in India using cluster sampling technique (probability proportionate to population size). These were from the North-Central, i.e., Palwal (N = 998; all rural, 16.4% non-Hindu, 25.3% from scheduled caste/tribe [SC-ST] [these are considered underserved communities who are eligible for affirmative action]); North, i.e., Kangra (N = 997; 91.6% rural, 3.7% non-Hindu, 25.3% SC-ST); East, i.e., Dhenkanal (N = 981; 89.8% rural, 1.2% non-Hindu, 38.0% SC-ST); South, i.e., Hyderabad (N = 495; all urban, 25.7% non-Hindu, 27.3% SC-ST) and West, i.e., North Goa (N = 493; 68.0% rural, 11.4% non-Hindu, 18.5% SC-ST). All children were assessed for vision impairment (VI), epilepsy (Epi), neuromotor impairments including cerebral palsy (NMI-CP), hearing impairment (HI), speech and language disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and intellectual disability (ID). Furthermore, 6-9-year-old children were also assessed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disorders (LDs). We standardized sample characteristics as per Census of India 2011 to arrive at district level and all-sites-pooled estimates. Site-specific prevalence of any of seven NDDs in 2-<6 year olds ranged from 2.9% (95% CI 1.6-5.5) to 18.7% (95% CI 14.7-23.6), and for any of nine NDDs in the 6-9-year-old children, from 6.5% (95% CI 4.6-9.1) to 18.5% (95% CI 15.3-22.3). Two or more NDDs were present in 0.4% (95% CI 0.1-1.7) to 4.3% (95% CI 2.2-8.2) in the younger age category and 0.7% (95% CI 0.2-2.0) to 5.3% (95% CI 3.3-8.2) in the older age category. All-site-pooled estimates for NDDs were 9.2% (95% CI 7.5-11.2) and 13.6% (95% CI 11.3-16.2) in children of 2-<6 and 6-9 year age categories, respectively, without significant difference according to gender, rural/urban residence, or religion; almost one-fifth of these children had more than one NDD. The pooled estimates for prevalence increased by up to three percentage points when these were adjusted for national rates of stunting or low birth weight (LBW). HI, ID, speech and language disorders, Epi, and LDs were the common NDDs across sites. Upon risk modelling, noninstitutional delivery, history of perinatal asphyxia, neonatal illness, postnatal neurological/brain infections, stunting, LBW/prematurity, and older age category (6-9 year) were significantly associated with NDDs. The study sample was underrepresentative of stunting and LBW and had a 15.6% refusal. These factors could be contributing to underestimation of the true NDD burden in our population. CONCLUSIONS: The study identifies NDDs in children aged 2-9 years as a significant public health burden for India. HI was higher than and ASD prevalence comparable to the published global literature. Most risk factors of NDDs were modifiable and amenable to public health interventions

Synthesis, spectral, thermal and electrochemical studies of oxomolybdenum(V) and dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes of an azo dye derived from 4-amino-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl pyrazol-5-one

1787-1792Some novel complexes of oxomolybdenum(V) and dioxomolybdenum(VI) with an azodye derived from 4-amino-antipyrine and 3-methoxyphenol have been synthesised and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance values, magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR, electronic, ESR, and ¹H NMR spectra and cyclic voltammetric studies. The physico-chemical studies and spectral data indicate that the ligand acts as neutral bidentate. All the complexes are found to be monomeric and neutral with distorted octahedral geometry. The X-ray diffraction studies of [MoO(MOPAAP)Cl₃] and [MoO₂(MOPAAP)Cl₂] indicate that the complexes are orthorhombic with the unit cell dimensions a = 7.3277 Å, b = 9.6663Å and c = 15.8897 Å; and a = 8.5534 Å, b = 9.5986 Å, c = 15.4056 Å respectively.. The CV profile of the complex [MoO(MOPAAP)Cl₃] shows a quasireversible peak, which indicates that the metal-ligand linkage is more covalent in nature. The thermal stabilities of the complexes have been compared and show that [MoO(MOPAAP)Cl₃] is more stable than [MoO₂(MOPAAP)Cl₂]

Synthesis and characterisation of oxomolybdenum(V) and dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes with Schiff base derived from isonicotinoylhydrazide

1212-1218Synthesis of some new oxomolybdenum(V) and dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes with a Schiff base, 3-methoxysalicylaldehydeisonicotinoylhydrazone derived from 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde and isonicotinoylhydrazide are reported. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility data, IR, UV-vis, EPR, 1H NMR and FAB mass spectral studies. The physico-chemical studies and spectral data indicate that the ligand acts as a monovalent tridentate chelating agent. The FAB mass and X-band EPR spectra indicate that the pentavalent Mo in the complex [MoO(MSINH)Cl2] is monomeric in nature. The X-ray diffraction studies of [MoO(MSINH)Cl2] correspond to orthorhombic crystal lattice with unit cell dimensions: a = 8.043Ả, b = 12.49Ả and c = 14.936Ả. All the complexes are found to be neutral with distorted octahedral geometry. The thermal properties of the complex [MoO(MSINH)Cl2] have been investigated by thermogravimetric techniques. The ligand, [MoO(MSINH)Cl2] and [MoO2(MSINH)Cl] have been screened for their in vitro anticancer and antibacterial activity. The complex, [MoO(MSINH)Cl2], exhibits much higher activity than the ligand (MSINH) and its dioxocomplex, [MoO2(MSINH)Cl]

Synthesis and spectral analysis of oxomolybdenum (V) and dioxo-molybdenum (VI) complexes of schiff bases derived from 1,2-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4-amino-3H-pyrazol-3-one

452-455A few oxomolybdenum(V) and dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes of schiff bases derived from 4-aminoantipyrine and salt-cylaldehyde (AAPySAL), 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (AAPyNAL), furan-2-aldehyde (AAPyFAL), 4-dimethylami-nobenzaldehyde (AAPyDAB) of the type [MoOL1CI2], [MoOL2CI2] (L1 = AAPySAL, L2 = AAPyNAL), MoOL2I (NCS)CL] [MoOL2 (NCS)CL2], [MoOLJCl)] (L3 AAPyFAL; [M OL3 (NCS)CI2], [MoOL4 (NCShCl] (L4 AAPyDAB) ant [MoO2 LI (NCS)Cl], [MoO2 L3 (NCS) CI] were prepared a d characterised by elemental analysis, IR, lectronic and ESR s ectra, and, magnetic and conductance studies. The X-ray power pattern of the complex [MoO (AAPySA )CI2] has been examined and found to be orthorhombic with unit cell dimension ,a = 10.21 &Aring;, b= 14.07 &Aring; and c=15.12 &Aring;. 111 number of molecules per unit cell was found to be four

Synthesis and spectral studies of oxomolybdenum (V) and dioxomolybdenum (VI) complexes of 1,2-dihydro-1 ,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl -4-(2,4-dihydroxyphenylazo)- 3-H -pyrazol-3-one

989-992A few oxomolybdenum(V) complexes of the formulae [MoO (RAAP)Cl2] , [MoO(RAAP)Br2] , [MoO(RAAP)(NCS)Cl], [MoO(RAAP)(NO3)Cl]. [MoO(RAAPH)zCI](ClO4)2 and dioxo molybdenum(VI) complexes of the formulae [MoO2 (RAAPH)(NCS)Cl] , [MoO2(RAAPH)(NO­3)Cl] and [MoO2 (RAAPH)2Cl] (ClO4) (where RAAPH = resorcinolazoantipyrine) have been synthesised and characterised by elemental analysis, IR, electronic, ESR, magnetic and conductance measurements. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of one of the complexes has also been examined

Synthesis, Physicochemical Studies and Structure Determination of Some Novel Manganese (III) Complexes of Azo Dyes Derived from 4-Aminoantipyrine

Abstract- Some novel manganese(III) complexes with the ligand 2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-4-(3-methoxy-2-phenyl azo)5-pyrazolone, GAAP, guaiacol azoantipyrine, L, having the formulae [Mn(L)2(X)3], [Mn(L)2(Y)2Cl], where X = Cl- / NO3- /ClO4-; Y = NCS-were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurements and spectral ( IR, UV- Visible, FAB- mass) studies. The ligand was characterized by elemental analysis and spectral (IR, UV-Visible, 1 HNMR,) studies. The X-ray diffraction study of the complex [Mn(L)2(Cl)3] indicated that it is not perfectly crystalline. The electrochemical properties of the complex [Mn(L)2(Cl)3] was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Based on elemental analyses, thermo gravimetric and FAB- mass studies of the complexes a seven coordinate structure is tentatively proposed for the complexes

Synthesis and characterization of some new Cu(II) complexes of azo dyes derived from 1,2-dihydro-1,5 -dimethy1-2-pheny 1-4-amino-3H-pyrazol-3-one

85-89Some novel complexes of the ligands 1,2-dihydro-1,5- dimethyl-2-phenyl-4-(2-hydroxy-5-methyl phenylazo)-3H-pyrazol- 3-one (CAAPH) and 1,2-dihydro-l,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4- (2-hydroxy-5-chlorophenylazo)-3H-pyrazol-3-one (CPAAPH) with Cu(II) having the formulae [Cu(LH)Cl2), [CuLH(Ac)2] [CuLH(NO3)2 ] [CuLH(SO4)], [CuLH(ClO4)2 ], [CuLH(NCS)Cl] and [Cu(L H)Cl2], [CuL’H (Ac2)], [CuL’ - (NO3)2], [CuL’H (SO4)], [CuL’H (ClO4)2], [CuL’H (NCS)Cl] (LH=CAAPH and L H =CPAAPH) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, electronic, ESR, NMR, magnetic, conductance measurements and cyclic voltammetric studies. The ligands are found to behave in a neutral bidentate manner. All the complexes are non-electrolytes and square planar with magnetic moment ranging from 1.79 to 1.88 B.M. The X-band ESR spectra of the complexes [Cu(CAAPH)Cl2], [Cu(CAAPH)-(Ac2], [Cu(CAA PH)(NO3)2], [Cu (CAA PH)(SO4)], [Cu(CPAAPH)(ClO4)2] and [Cu(CPAAPH)(NCS)Cl] are seen to be characteristic of Cu(II) in the ligand field with axial symmetry. The complexes [Cu (CAAPH)(SO4)] and [Cu(CPAAPH)Cl2)] are found to be orthorhombic with the unit cell dimensions such as a=5.8564 , Å, b=9.4817 Å and c=12.8383 Å; and a=5.3029 Å, b=10.2028 Å and c=11.6127 Å, respectively. The cyclic voltammograms of [Cu(CAAPH)Cl2] and [Cu(CPAAPH)(Cl O4)2] show quasi-reversible peaks which indicates that metal-ligand linkage is more covalent in nature29