Determinan Pengeluaran Rokok Elektrik di Kota Bandung

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi pengeluaran rokok elektrik di Kota Bandung. Penelitian ini menggunakan Convenience Sampling dan formula Slovin, melakukan wawancara terhadap 200 pengguna rokok elektrik di Kota Bandung. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Regresi Linear Berganda dengan STATA 12. Variabel yang digunakan adalah total pengeluaran rokok elektrik per bulan, harga alat mesin isap rokok elektrik, motivasi penggunaan rokok elektrik, jumlah rasa cairan rokok elektrik, pengetahuan mengenai resiko penggunaan rokok elektrik, dan status penggunaan ganda rokok konvensional dan rokok elektrik. Hasil regresi menunjukkan bahwa harga alat mesin isap rokok elektrik, motivasi penggunaan rokok elektrik, jumlah rasa cairan rokok elektrik berpengaruh positif dan signifikan pada peningkatan pengeluaran rokok elektrik di Kota Bandung. Sedangkan pengetahuan mengenai resiko penggunaan rokok elektrik tidak signifikan mengurangi tingkat pengeluaran rokok elektrik di kota Bandung. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa status pengguna ganda rokok elektrik dan rokok konvensional berpengaruh negatif tetapi tidak signifikan pada pengeluaran rokok elektrik. Untuk mengurangi penggunaan rokok elektrik di Kota Bandung, pemerintah perlu meningkatkan kampanye kesehatan mengenai bahaya penggunaan rokok elektrik. Bahkan pemerintah seharusnya melarang penggunaan rokok elektrik karena pengaruh pengetahuan rokok elektrik yang tidak signifikan mengurangi konsumsi rokok elektrik.AbstractThis research aims to analyze the factors that affect expenditure decision on electronic cigarettes in Bandung. This research uses the Convenience Sampling and Slovin formula, interviews 200 users of e-cigarettes in Bandung. This paper uses Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) with STATA 12. Total expenditure per month in electronic cigarettes, the price of electronic cigarette suction machine tools, motivation in using electronic cigarettes, the amount of electronic cigarettes liquid taste, knowledge about the risk of using electronic cigarettes, and the status dual user of conventional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes are has been used as variables in this research. The regression result shows that the price of electronic cigarettes, motivation to use electronic cigarettes, the amount of electronic cigarettes liquid taste are positively and significantly correlated with the total expenditure per month for electronic cigarettes in Bandung. In the other hand, knowledge about the risk of using electronic cigarettes not significantly reduces electronic cigarette expenditure. This study also finds that the status of dual users of electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarettes has a negative but not significant effect on electronic cigarette expenditure. To reduce the use of electronic cigarettes, the government needs to increase health campaigns regarding the dangers of electronic cigarettes.Even the government must bans the use of electronic cigarettes because knowledge about electronic cigarettes risk has insignificant effect to reduce consumption of electronic cigarettes

Behavioral Changes in Accessing Outpatient Care During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Unwillingness to seek healthcare has been observed in citizens from many countries during the Covid-19 pandemic. Previous studies show that the changes in behavior are due to various reasons such as economic slowdown, loss of health insurance due to termination of employment, and fear of contracting the virus. This behavior may result in worsened health conditions, making a individual more susceptible to the virus. The supply side of health care is one of the things that should be considered in the discussion about access to health care in developing countries. This paper investigates access to the healthcare problem of Indonesians, discusses both the supply side and demand side by looking at the change of behavior due to the patients’ fear of getting treatment during pandemic covid-19. We will serve this purpose through a small-scale survey and offer some insights from a statistical analysis perspective as well. Based on a survey from 588 respondents from the west Indonesia region, this study observes that the respondents’ health condition shows no significant change before and during the Covid-19 pandemic era. On the other hand, the respondents’ frequency of accessing outpatient healthcare proves to be significantly decreasing during the Covid-19 pandemic era, with 23,4% of the respondents stating that they avoid utilizing outpatient healthcare as an effort to avoid the Coronavirus. The frequency of using Kartu Indonesia Sehat to access outpatient healthcare also shows a significant decrease during this pandemic era.

PENGARUH ANGKA TUBERKULOSIS TERHADAP ANGKA KEMISKINAN DI INDONESIA : STUDI KASUS 407 KABUPATEN KOTA

This study aims to determine the effect of the Tuberculosis rate on the poverty rate in 407 municipal districts in Indonesia in 2017. This study uses the Multiple linear regression (MLR) method with STATA 14. The results of the study indicate that the Tuberculosis rate has a positive effect - significant on the poverty rate, gdrp per capita has a negative effect – significant on poverty rate, and total health workers have a negative effect - significant on Tuberculosis cases. Keywords: poverty, gdrp per capita, health workers, tuberculosisJEL Classification:I32, O12, J83, I15

The yearly financing need of providing paid maternity leave in the informal sector in Indonesia

Background: The economic cost of not breastfeeding in Indonesia is estimated at US$1.5–9.4 billion annually, the highest in South East Asia. Half of the 33.6 million working women of reproductive age (WRA) in Indonesia (15–49 years) are informal employees, meaning they are working as casual workers or they are self-employed (small scale business) and assisted by unpaid/family worker(s). No specific maternity protection entitlements are currently available for WRA working informally in Indonesia. This study aims to estimate the financing need of providing maternity leave cash transfer (MCT) for WRA working in the informal sector in Indonesia. Method: The costing methodology used is the adapted version of the World Bank methodology by Vilar-Compte et al, following pre-set steps to estimate costs using national secondary data. We used the 2018 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey to estimate the number of women working informally who gave birth within the last year. The population covered, potential cash transfer’s unitary cost, the incremental coverage of the policy in terms of time and coverage, and the administrative costs were used to estimate the cost of MCT for the informal sector. Result: At 100$175million (US$152/woman) to US$669million (US$583/woman). The share of the yearly financing need did not exceed 0.5% of Indonesian Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Conclusions: The yearly financing need of providing MCT for eligible WRA working in the informal sector is economically attractive as it amounts to less than 0.5% of GDP nominal of Indonesia. While such a program would be perceived as a marked increase from current public health spending at the onset, such an investment could substantially contribute to the success of breastfeeding and substantial corresponding public health savings given that more than half of working Indonesian WRA are employed in the informal sector. Such policies should be further explored while taking into consideration realistic budget constraints and implementation capacity

Impacts of Air Pollution on Health and Cost of Illness in Jakarta, Indonesia

(1) Background: This study aimed to quantify the health and economic impacts of air pollution in Jakarta Province, the capital of Indonesia. (2) Methods: We quantified the health and economic burden of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground-level Ozone (O3), which exceeds the local and global ambient air quality standards. We selected health outcomes which include adverse health outcomes in children, all-cause mortality, and daily hospitalizations. We used comparative risk assessment methods to estimate health burdens attributable to PM2.5 and O3, linking the local population and selected health outcomes data with relative risks from the literature. The economic burdens were calculated using cost-of-illness and the value of the statistical life-year approach. (3) Results: Our results suggest over 7000 adverse health outcomes in children, over 10,000 deaths, and over 5000 hospitalizations that can be attributed to air pollution each year in Jakarta. The annual total cost of the health impact of air pollution reached approximately USD 2943.42 million. (4) Conclusions: By using local data to quantify and assess the health and economic impacts of air pollution in Jakarta, our study provides timely evidence needed to prioritize clean air actions to be taken to promote the public’s health

Costs and scale-up costs of community-based Oral HIV Self-Testing for female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Jakarta and Bali, Indonesia

Abstract Background The proportion of individuals who know their HIV status in Indonesia (66% in 2021) still remains far below the first 95% of UNAIDS 2030 target and were much lower in certain Key Populations (KPs) particularly Female Sex Workers (FSW) and Male having Sex with Male (MSM). Indonesia has implemented Oral HIV Self-testing (oral HIVST) through Community-based screening (HIV CBS) in addition to other testing modalities aimed at hard-to-reach KPs, but the implementation cost is still not analysed. This study provides the cost and scale up cost estimation of HIV CBS in Jakarta and Bali, Indonesia. Methods We estimated the societal cost of HIV CBS that was implemented through NGOs. The HIV CBS’s total and unit cost were estimated from HIV CBS outcome, health care system cost and client costs. Cost data were presented by input, KPs and areas. Health care system cost inputs were categorized into capital and recurrent cost both in start-up and implementation phases. Client costs were categorized as direct medical, direct non-medical cost and indirect costs. Sensitivity and scenario analyses for scale up were performed. Results In total, 5350 and 1401 oral HIVST test kits were distributed for HIV CBS in Jakarta and Bali, respectively. Average total client cost for HIV CBS Self testing process ranged from US$1.9 to US$12.2 for 1 day and US$2.02 to US$33.61 for 2 days process. Average total client cost for HIV CBS confirmation test ranged from US$2.83 to US$18.01. From Societal Perspective, the cost per HIVST kit distributed were US$98.59 and US$40.37 for FSW and MSM in Jakarta andUS$35.26 and US$43.31 for FSW and MSM in Bali. Conclusions CBS using oral HIVST approach varied widely along with characteristics of HIV CBS volume and cost. HIV CBS was most costly among FSW in Jakarta, attributed to the low HIV CBS volume, high personnel salary cost and client cost. Future approaches to minimize cost and/or maximize testing coverage could include unpaid community led distribution to reach end-users, integrating HIVST into routine clinical services via direct or secondary distribution and using social media network