State Supervision of Local Government Authorities

State supervision of local government authorities, a requirement of the rule of law, is discussed in relation to municipalities. State supervisory authorities are required to advise and support local government authorities. Supervision at various state levels takes place as legal supervision, which only includes the supervision of legality in matters of the municipality’s original competence, and as functional supervision that also supervises expediency in matters transferred by the state. The legality principle (intervention in all cases) is modified by the expediency principle (discretion). A number of remedies are available for implementing both legal and functional supervisory measures. Where municipalities consider that the supervisory measures, whether legal or functional, violate their rights of selfgovernment, they have recourse to the courts

Origin of rebounds with a restitution coefficient larger than unity in nanocluster collisions

We numerically investigate the mechanism of super rebounds for head-on collisions between nanoclusters in which the restitution coefficient is larger than unity. It is confirmed that the temperature and the entropy of the nanocluters decrease after the super rebounds by our molecular dynamics simulations. It is also found that the initial metastable structure plays a key role for the emergence of the super rebounds.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.

Usufruct in the Land of Tribute: Property, Coercion, and Sovereignty on Early Colonial Eastern Long Island

In reexamining the early colonial history of Eastern Long Island, this thesis combines archaeological, archival, published records, and oral historical sources to explore the relationship between property, coercion, and sovereignty among the Algonquian-Ninnimissinuok and English settlers of New England. It begins with an overview of historical and contemporary models of political economy among Native groups in the pre-contact and pre-settlement era Northeast, emphasizing the importance of neo-evolutionary anthropology as an instructive corollary to more traditional functionalist and evolutionary theories of Native political economy. Special emphasis is placed on passages from classical ethnographic sources that gesture towards coercive and meaningful inequality within Algonquian societies. Subsequently, the relationship between usufruct forms of property ownership, territorial sovereignty, and kinship is analyzed in detail. Focus is placed on the historiographic tension created by the ownership of resource use-rights by multiple kinship lineages and the simultaneous possession of territorial sovereignty by Algonquian polities. Attention is then turned towards the early colonial New England context and the incorporation of Eastern Long Island Algonquians into the nascent English tributary chiefdom following the Pequot War. Focus is placed on the particular connection between sovereign authority and the preeminence of a single lineage of sachems among Eastern Long Island Algonquians, who ruled over a cohesive polity known as the Paumanack ( Land of Tribute ). Turning towards the English settlement of Long Island, it is argued that the planting of English colonists proceeded as Long Island sachems surrendered partial use-rights over those resources least essential for the reproduction of their authority. Confronted directly is the notion that English settlers and Algonquian sachems misunderstood one another\u27s concepts of property ownership from within a usufruct/fee-simple binary. An emphasis is placed on conceptualizing English \u27property\u27 acquisitions, and those resources retained by the Long Island Algonquians after 1636, as necessarily limited due to the English Empire\u27s overarching demand for sovereignty. The work concludes with an analysis of coercion within the Paumanack and local customs of lineage and inheritance, which are argued to be cognatic with a preference for patrlineage

Spectroscopy of PTCDA attached to rare gas samples: clusters vs. bulk matrices. I. Absorption spectroscopy

The interaction between PTCDA (3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride) and rare gas or para-hydrogen samples is studied by means of laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectroscopy. The comparison between spectra of PTCDA embedded in a neon matrix and spectra attached to large neon clusters shows that these large organic molecules reside on the surface of the clusters when doped by the pick-up technique. PTCDA molecules can adopt different conformations when attached to argon, neon and para-hydrogen clusters which implies that the surface of such clusters has a well-defined structure and has not liquid or fluxional properties. Moreover, a precise analysis of the doping process of these clusters reveals that the mobility of large molecules on the cluster surface is quenched, preventing agglomeration and complex formation

On the Descriptional Complexity of Limited Propagating Lindenmayer Systems

We investigate the descriptional complexity of limited propagating Lindenmayer systems and their deterministic and tabled variants with respect to the number of rules and the number of symbols. We determine the decrease of complexity when the generative capacity is increased. For incomparable families, we give languages that can be described more efficiently in either of these families than in the other.Comment: In Proceedings DCFS 2010, arXiv:1008.127

Gold dimer in neon: an absorption and fluorescence study

We report for the first time the absorption and fluorescence spectra of gold dimers in a neon matrix. The dimer absorption spectra show the A ← X transition predicted from measurements in the gas phase and not observed so far in a matrix, as well as the so-called B ← X and C ← X transitions. Fluorescence measurements on the atom reveal new emission lines at 1.97, 3.59 and 4.09eV that can be assigned to the 2P1/2 → 2D3/2, 2P1/2 → 2D5/2 and the 2P3/2 → 2D5/2 transitions. For the dimer, excitation of both A and B state results in distinct emission spectra with vibrational structur

Morphology and stability of Au nanoclusters in HOPG nanopits of well-defined depth

Gold nanoparticles with a diameter comprised between 4 and 6 nm are stabilized in nanosized pits of well defined depth in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). These pits are produced by creation of artificial defects, followed by etching under a controlled oxygen atmosphere. At low Au coverage, clusters are found on the edges of the hexagonal pits maximizing the contact to dangling bonds on graphite multisteps. Larger coverage results in Au beads of surprisingly well defined shape and with a constant bead density per unit length. Most remarkable is the stability of these nanostructures under ambient conditions. Temperatures as high as 650K do not alter the morphology of the gold clusters. Higher temperatures do not lead to a change of the cluster morphology but to catalytically driven etching of the HOPG substrat

Die wachsende Bedeutung privater Akteure im Bereich der Intelligence: private Akteure als Quellen, Abnehmer, Konkurrenten und Kooperationspartner staatlicher Nachrichtendienste

"Das Heraufkommen des Informationszeitalters und das Endes des Kalten Krieges haben die westliche Welt in den vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnten stark geprägt. Auch für die staatlichen Nachrichtendienste veränderten sich dadurch die Grundlage und der Inhalt ihrer Arbeit von Grund auf. Eine neue Entwicklung ist in diesem Zusammenhang die Tatsache, dass die Nachrichtendienste zunehmend Beziehungen zu Akteuren der Privatwirtschaft ausbilden, während sie zuvor praktisch autarke Organisationen waren. Insbesondere in den vier Bereichen Wirtschaftsspionage, private Aufklärungssatelliten, Information Warfare und Private Intelligence Services werden private Akteure für die staatlichen Dienste immer bedeutender. Im Folgenden werden diese Bereiche zunächst charakterisiert. Dies geht einher mit einer Bestandsaufnahme privater Intelligence-Institutionen, die zuvor ausschließlich dem Staat vorbehaltene nachrichtendienstliche Kernaufgaben übernehmen. Anschließend werden die Beziehungen zwischen staatlichen Nachrichtendiensten und privaten Akteuren analysiert und schließlich kategorisiert." (Autorenreferat