193 research outputs found
Simple analytical expression for the peak-frequency shifts of plasmonic resonances for sensing
We derive a closed-form expression that accurately predicts the peak
frequency-shift and broadening induced by tiny perturbations of plasmonic
nanoresonators without critically relying on repeated electrodynamic
simulations of the spectral response of nanoresonator for various locations,
sizes or shapes of the perturbing objects. The force of the present approach,
in comparison with other approaches of the same kind, is that the derivation is
supported by a mathematical formalism based on a rigorous normalization of the
resonance modes of nanoresonators consisting of lossy and dispersive materials.
Accordingly, accurate predictions are obtained for a large range of
nanoparticle shapes and sizes, used in various plasmonic nanosensors, even
beyond the quasistatic limit. The expression gives quantitative insight, and
combined with an open-source code, provides accurate and fast predictions that
are ideally suited for preliminary designs or for interpretation of
experimental data. It is also valid for photonic resonators with large mode
volumes.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures, journal pape
Unbiased All-Optical Random-Number Generator
The generation of random bits is of enormous importance in modern information
science. Cryptographic security is based on random numbers which require a
physical process for their generation. This is commonly performed by hardware
random number generators. These exhibit often a number of problems, namely
experimental bias, memory in the system, and other technical subtleties, which
reduce the reliability in the entropy estimation. Further, the generated
outcome has to be post-processed to "iron out" such spurious effects. Here, we
present a purely optical randomness generator, based on the bi-stable output of
an optical parametric oscillator. Detector noise plays no role and no further
post-processing is required. Upon entering the bi-stable regime, initially the
resulting output phase depends on vacuum fluctuations. Later, the phase is
rigidly locked and can be well determined versus a pulse train, which is
derived from the pump laser. This delivers an ambiguity-free output, which is
reliably detected and associated with a binary outcome. The resulting random
bit stream resembles a perfect coin toss and passes all relevant randomness
measures. The random nature of the generated binary outcome is furthermore
confirmed by an analysis of resulting conditional entropies.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure
Coupling strength of complex plasmonic structures in the multiple dipole approximation
We present a simple model to calculate the spatial dependence of the interaction strength between two plasmonic objects. Our approach is based on a multiple dipole approximation and utilizes the current distributions at the resonances in single objects. To obtain the interaction strength, we compute the potential energy of discrete weighted dipoles associated with the current distributions of the plasmonic modes in the scattered fields of their mutual partners. We investigate in detail coupled stacked plasmonic wires, stereometamaterials and plasmon-induced transparency materials. Our calculation scheme includes retardation and can be carried out in seconds on a standard PC
Enhancing the optical excitation efficiency of a single self-assembled quantum dot with a plasmonic nanoantenna
We demonstrate how the controlled positioning of a plasmonic nanoparticle
modifies the photoluminescence of a single epitaxial GaAs quantum dot. The
antenna particle leads to an increase of the luminescence intensity by about a
factor of eight. Spectrally and temporally resolved photoluminescence
measurements prove an increase of the quantum dot's excitation rate. The
combination of stable epitaxial quantum emitters and plasmonic nanostructures
promises to be highly beneficial for nanoscience and quantum optics.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Phase-locked photon-electron interaction without a laser
Ultrafast electron-photon spectroscopy in electron microscopes commonly
requires ultrafast laser setups. Photoemission from an engineered electron
source is used to generate pulsed electrons, interacting with a sample that is
excited by the ultrafast laser pulse at a specified time delay. Thus,
developing an ultrafast electron microscope demands the exploitation of
extrinsic laser excitations and complex synchronization schemes. Here, we
present an inverse approach based on cathodoluminescence spectroscopy to
introduce internal radiation sources in an electron microscope. Our method is
based on a sequential interaction of the electron beam with an electron-driven
photon source (EDPHS) and the investigated sample. An electron-driven photon
source in an electron microscope generates phase-locked photons that are
mutually coherent with the near-field distribution of the swift electron. Due
to their different velocities, one can readily change the delay between the
photons and electrons arriving at the sample by changing the distance between
the EDPHS and the sample. We demonstrate the mutual coherence between the
radiations from the EDPHS and the sample by performing interferometry with a
combined system of an EDPHS and a WSe2 flake. We assert the mutual frequency
and momentum-dependent correlation of the EDPHS and sample radiation, and
determine experimentally the degree of mutual coherence of up to 27%. This
level of mutual coherence allows us to perform spectral interferometry with an
electron microscope. Our method has the advantage of being simple, compact and
operating with continuous electron beams. It will open the door to local
electron-photon correlation spectroscopy of quantum materials, single photon
systems, and coherent exciton-polaritonic samples with nanometric resolution
Long-term stability of capped and buffered palladium-nickel thin films and nanostructures for plasmonic hydrogen sensing applications
One of the main challenges in optical hydrogen sensing is the stability of the sensor material. We found and studied an optimized material combination for fast and reliable optical palladium-based hydrogen sensing devices. It consists of a palladium-nickel alloy that is buffered by calcium fluoride and capped with a very thin layer of platinum. Our system shows response times below 10 s and almost no short-term aging effects. Furthermore, we successfully incorporated this optimized material system into plasmonic nanostructures, laying the foundation for a stable and sensitive hydrogen detector
Optical properties of metallic photonic crystal structures
Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der linearen optischen Eigenschaften von periodisch angeordneten Metall-Nanodrähten, die auf dielektrischen oder metallischen Substraten aufgebracht sind. Die verwendeten Nanostrukturen können dabei der neuen Materialklasse der sogenannten polaritonischen photonischen Kristalle zugeordnet werden. Im Gegensatz zu rein dielektrischen Nanostrukturen, deren Transmissionsspektren durch die Anregung geometrischer Resonanzen gekennzeichnet sind, können die Spektren der verwendeten metallischen photonischen Kristalle zusätzliche elektronische Resonanzen im sichtbaren Spektralbereich aufweisen. Diese als Partikelplasmon bezeichneten Resonanzen sind auf die Kollektivschwingung der Leitungsbandelektronen in den einzelnen Nanodrähten zurückzuführen. Eine sehr wichtige Fragestellung ist in diesem Zusammenhang, in wie weit mögliche elektromagnetische Kopplungsphänomene die optischen Eigenschaften der untersuchten metallischen Nanostrukturen zusätzlich beinflussen
können. Sowohl die direkte elektromagnetische Wechselwirkung zwischen den einzelnen Nanodrähten, als auch die mögliche Wechselwirkung mit verschiedenen
Oberflächenmoden sollen im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eingehender betrachtet werden. Neben der Verwendung verschiedener dielektrischer Substrate wird vor allem
der Einfluss metallischer Substratschichten demonstriert. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist es dabei, generell ein besseres und genaueres Verständnis der physikalischen Ursachen der beobachteten Kopplungsphänomene zu erhalten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit kommen sowohl experimentelle Methoden als auch theoretische Simulationen zur Anwendung, um einen tieferen Einblick in die komplexen Zusammenhänge zu ermöglichen. Die Arbeit belegt eindeutig, dass sowohl die Entstehung von Polaritonmoden als auch so genannte Hybridisierungseffekte die optischen Transmissionseigenschaften sehr stark beeinflussen. Die beobachteten grundlegenden Kopplungsphänomene können möglicherweise zur Entwicklung oder Optimierung neuartiger optischer Bauelemente genutzt werden
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