The association between ambient temperature and antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in China: a difference-in-differences analysis

IntroductionAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) poses a significant global public health threat and is responsible for a high prevalence of infections and mortality. However, knowledge about how ambient temperature influences the AMR of K. pneumoniae is limited in the context of global warming.MethodsAMR data of 31 Chinese provinces was collected from the China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (CARSS) between 2014 and 2020. Socioeconomic and meteorological data were collected from the China Statistical Yearbook during the same period. A modified difference-in-differences (DID) approach was applied to estimate the association between ambient temperature and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant K. pneumoniae (3GCRKP) and carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP). Furthermore, moderating effects of socioeconomic factors were also evaluated.ResultsEvery 1°C increase in annual average temperature was associated with a 4.7% (relative risk (RR):1.047, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.031–1.082) increase in the detection rate of 3GCRKP, and a 10.7% (RR:1.107, 95% CI: 1.011–1.211) increase in the detection rate of CRKP. The relationships between ambient temperature and 3GCRKP and CRKP were found to be moderated by socioeconomic status (GDP per capita, income per capita, and consumption per capita; the interaction p-values <0.05), where higher economic status was found to strengthen the effects of temperature on the detection rate of 3GCRKP and weaken the effects on the detection rate of CRKP.DiscussionAmbient temperature was found to be positively associated with AMR of K. pneumoniae, and this association was moderated by socioeconomic status. Policymakers should consider the impact of global warming and high temperatures on the spread of 3GCRKP and CRKP when developing strategies for the containment of AMR

Growth and spectral characters of Nd:CaGdAlO

In this paper, crystal growth and polarized spectra of Nd:CaGdAlO4 (Nd:CALGO) crystal were reported. The maximal absorption cross-sections are 6.8 and 7.5 × 10−20 cm2 for π-polarization and σ-polarization, and the emission cross-sections are 12.5 × 10−20 cm2 with full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 18 and 11 nm, respectively. The Judd-Ofelt (JO) theory was used to calculate the spectral parameters and the effective intensity parameters Ω2, Ω4 and Ω6 were 0.8 × 10−20 cm2, 7.5 × 10−20 cm2 and 5.8 × 10−20 cm2, respectively. The lifetime was 123 μs. The results show that Nd:CALGO crystal is a promising medium for laser output