sj-docx-1-sen-10.1177_02670844241231692 - Supplemental material for Study on the superhydrophobic coatings with antifouling and anticorrosion properties

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-sen-10.1177_02670844241231692 for Study on the superhydrophobic coatings with antifouling and anticorrosion properties by Yaojun Chen, Hao Fu, Yipu Sun and Wei Bing in Surface Engineering</p

ZnGa_2–<i>x</i>In_<i>x</i>S₄ (0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 0.4) and Zn_{1–2<i>y</i>}(CuGa)_<i>y</i>Ga_1.7In_0.3S₄ (0.1 ≤ <i>y</i> ≤ 0.2): Optimize Visible Light Photocatalytic H₂ Evolution by Fine Modulation of Band Structures

Band structure engineering is an efficient technique to develop desired semiconductor photocatalysts, which was usually carried out through isovalent or aliovalent ionic substitutions. Starting from a UV-activated catalyst ZnGa₂S₄, we successfully exploited good visible light photocatalysts for H₂ evolution by In³⁺-to-Ga³⁺ and (Cu⁺/Ga³⁺)-to-Zn²⁺ substitutions. First, the bandgap of ZnGa_2–<i>x</i>­In_<i>x</i>S₄ (0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 0.4) decreased from 3.36 to 3.04 eV by lowering the conduction band position. Second, Zn_{1–2<i>y</i>}(CuGa)_<i>y</i>­Ga_1.7In_0.3S₄ (<i>y</i> = 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) provided a further and significant red-shift of the photon absorption to ∼500 nm by raising the valence band maximum and barely losing the overpotential to water reduction. Zn_0.7Cu_0.15­Ga_1.85In_0.3S₄ possessed the highest H₂ evolution rate under pure visible light irradiation using S^2– and SO₃^2– as sacrificial reagents (386 μmol/h/g for the noble-metal-free sample and 629 μmol/h/g for the one loaded with 0.5 wt % Ru), while the binary hosts ZnGa₂S₄ and ZnIn₂S₄ (synthesized using the same procedure) show 0 and 27.9 μmol/h/g, respectively. The optimal apparent quantum yield reached to 7.9% at 500 nm by tuning the composition to Zn_0.6Cu_0.2­Ga_1.9In_0.3S₄ (loaded with 0.5 wt % Ru)

Self-Reinforced and Antibacterial Zn²⁺ @Vanillin/Carboxymethyl Chitosan Film for Food Packaging

Polysaccharide-based films cannot replace petroleum-based food packaging due to their poor mechanical properties, and the lack of antibacterial properties also makes it difficult to extend the food shelf life. Herein, we used the Schiff base reaction and zinc ion (Zn2+) complexation on carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) chains to introduce antibacterial properties to extend the shelf life of food and achieved self-reinforcement to improve mechanical properties, reaching 7.28 MPa and making it suitable for food packaging. The Zn2+@Vanillin (VA)/CMCS film possessed broad-spectrum antibacterial properties that extended the shelf life of fruits and offered better thermal stability and water vapor barrier. Besides, it also provides more comprehensive protection and inhibits the respiration of fruits during the preservation process that maintains the quality of the fruits. In addition, the process for the preparation of the Zn2+@VA/CMCS film was environmentally friendly (the solvent is water), safe, and simple and had mild reaction conditions. Noteworthily, the Zn2+@VA/CMCS film possessed biodegradability (35 days in soil) and renewable characteristics that offer significant potential for the development of sustainable food packaging systems

Large Area α‑Cu₂S Particle-Stacked Nanorod Arrays by Laser Ablation in Liquid and Their Strong Structurally Enhanced and Stable Visible Photoelectric Performances

A flexible route is developed for fabrication of large area α-Cu₂S nanorod arrays (NRAs) on the basis of one-step laser ablation of a copper foil in CS₂ liquid. It has been demonstrated that the obtained products are the high-temperature phase α-Cu₂S and consist of the nanorods vertically standing on the Cu foil, exhibiting the array. The nanorods were about 1 μm in length and around 100 nm in thickness and built by stacking the nearly spherical and ⟨110⟩-oriented nanoparticles (NPs) up. Such array can be peeled off from the foil and remain freestanding. Further, it has been found that the ablation duration, the laser power, and the foil surface state are crucial to the formation of the Cu₂S NRA. The formation of such oriented NP-stacked Cu₂S NRAs is attributed to the laser-induced generation of α-Cu₂S NPs and the NPs’ deposition/oriented connection growth on the surface-vulcanized copper foil. Importantly, the visible photocurrent response of the α-Cu₂S NRAs is 8 times higher than that of the Cu₂S NPs’ film with the equivalent thickness and also larger than that of previously reported Cu₂S, showing significantly enhanced photoelectric performances. As an application, such NRAs have exhibited markedly enhanced visible photocatalytic activity and highly stable recycling performances, compared with the α-Cu₂S NPs. Further studies have revealed that the enhanced performances are attributed to the structurally enhanced light trapping effect of the NRAs as well as short and smooth carrier diffusion path in the oriented NP-stacked nanorods. This work provides a new and simple method for fabrication of the large area Cu₂S NRAs with high and stable photoelectric performances

Strain-Negligible Eu²⁺ Doping Enabled Color-Tunable Harsh Condition-Resistant Perovskite Nanocrystals for Superior Light-Emitting Diodes

Cesium lead halide (CsPbX3, X = Br, Cl, I) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) possess tunable band gaps across the entire visible spectral range and are promising for various optoelectronic device applications. However, poor performance in adverse conditions limits their further development in practical optoelectronics. Herein, highly stable perovskite NCs are developed by doping europium(II) (Eu2+) into the B-site of CsPbBr3 with negligible lattice distortion/strain. Eu2+-doped CsPbBr3 NCs exhibit tunable green-to-cyan emissions, high photoluminescence quantum yield, and good resistance to harsh conditions, including ultraviolet irradiation, erosion of moisture, and corrosion of polar solvent molecules. In particular, the thermal stability of CsPbBr3 NCs after Eu2+ doping is greatly enhanced under continuous heating in air, while exhibiting the emissions of Eu2+. Furthermore, a Eu2+-doped CsPbBr3 NC-based cyan light-emitting diode is fabricated, which exhibits narrow exciton emission driven under different current densities. This work would open the avenue to develop the rational lanthanide ion doping strategy for further advancing perovskite nanomaterials toward practical applications

Chiral Porous Metacrystals: Employing Liquid-Phase Epitaxy to Assemble Enantiopure Metal–Organic Nanoclusters into Molecular Framework Pores

We describe the fabrication of hybrid yet well-ordered porous nanoparticle (NP) arrays with full three-dimensional periodicity by embedding nanometer-sized metal–organic clusters (MOCs) into metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Although conventional NP@MOF encapsulation procedures failed for these fairly large (1.66 nm diameter) NPs, we achieved maximum loading efficiency (one NP per pore) by using a modified liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) layer-by-layer approach to grow and load the MOF. The preformed NPs, homochiral Ti₄(OH)₄(R/S-BINOL)₆ clusters (Ti-MOC, BINOL = 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol), formed a regular lattice inside the pores of an achiral HKUST-1 (or Cu₃(BTC)₂, BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) MOF thin film. Exposure to the different enantiomers of methyl lactate revealed that the NP@MOF metacrystal is quite efficient regarding enantiomer recognition and separation. The approach presented here is also suited for other MOF types and expected to provide a substantial stimulus for the fabrication of metacrystals, crystalline solids made from nanoparticles instead of atoms

DataSheet_2_Comparative transcriptome analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying adventitious root developments in Huangshan Bitter tea (Camellia gymnogyna Chang) under red light quality.pdf

As the formation of adventitious roots (AR) is an important component of in vitro regeneration of tea plants, the propagation and preservation of Huangshan Bitter tea (Camellia gymnogyna Chang) cuttings have been hindered due to its lower rooting rate. As light is a crucial environmental factor that affects AR formation, this study aimed to investigate the special role of red light (RL) in the formation of AR in Huangshan Bitter tea plants, which has not been well understood. Huangshan Bitter tea plants were induced with white light (control, WL) and red light (660 nm, RL) qualities 36 days after induced treatment (DAI) to investigate dynamic AR formation and development, anatomical observation, hormones content change, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of the transcriptome. Results showed that RL promoted the rooting rate and root characteristics compared to WL. Anatomical observations demonstrated that root primordium was induced earlier by RL at the 4 DAI. RL positively affected IAA, ZT and GA3 content and negatively influenced ABA from the 4 to 16 DAI. RNA-seq and analysis of differential expression genes (DEGs) exhibited extensive variation in gene expression profiles between RL and WL. Meanwhile, the results of WGCNA and correlation analysis identified three highly correlated modules and hub genes mainly participated in 'response to hormone', 'cellular glucan metabolic progress', and 'response to auxin'. Furthermore, the proportion of transcription factors (TFs) such as ethylene response factor (ERF), myeloblastosis (MYB), basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and WRKYGQK (WRKY) were the top four in DEGs. These results suggested that the AR-promoting potential of red light was due to complex hormone interactions in tea plants by regulating the expression of related genes. This study provided an important reference to shorten breeding cycles and accelerate superiority in tea plant propagation and preservation.</p

DataSheet_1_Comparative transcriptome analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying adventitious root developments in Huangshan Bitter tea (Camellia gymnogyna Chang) under red light quality.pdf

As the formation of adventitious roots (AR) is an important component of in vitro regeneration of tea plants, the propagation and preservation of Huangshan Bitter tea (Camellia gymnogyna Chang) cuttings have been hindered due to its lower rooting rate. As light is a crucial environmental factor that affects AR formation, this study aimed to investigate the special role of red light (RL) in the formation of AR in Huangshan Bitter tea plants, which has not been well understood. Huangshan Bitter tea plants were induced with white light (control, WL) and red light (660 nm, RL) qualities 36 days after induced treatment (DAI) to investigate dynamic AR formation and development, anatomical observation, hormones content change, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of the transcriptome. Results showed that RL promoted the rooting rate and root characteristics compared to WL. Anatomical observations demonstrated that root primordium was induced earlier by RL at the 4 DAI. RL positively affected IAA, ZT and GA3 content and negatively influenced ABA from the 4 to 16 DAI. RNA-seq and analysis of differential expression genes (DEGs) exhibited extensive variation in gene expression profiles between RL and WL. Meanwhile, the results of WGCNA and correlation analysis identified three highly correlated modules and hub genes mainly participated in 'response to hormone', 'cellular glucan metabolic progress', and 'response to auxin'. Furthermore, the proportion of transcription factors (TFs) such as ethylene response factor (ERF), myeloblastosis (MYB), basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and WRKYGQK (WRKY) were the top four in DEGs. These results suggested that the AR-promoting potential of red light was due to complex hormone interactions in tea plants by regulating the expression of related genes. This study provided an important reference to shorten breeding cycles and accelerate superiority in tea plant propagation and preservation.</p

In Vitro Selection of Highly Efficient G‑Quadruplex-Based DNAzymes

Because of their ability to greatly enhance the low natural peroxidase activity of hemin, G-quadruplex-based DNAzymes have been widely used as an alternative to peroxidases for many colorimetric, chemiluminescent, or visual detections of metal ions, small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, and cancer cells. To obtain G-quadruplex-based DNAzymes with better peroxidase activity, we designed three 81-nt ssDNA libraries containing 25%, 35%, and 45% guanine bases, respectively, at the 45-nt random regions to evolve hemin-binding DNA aptamers using hemin–agarose beads by SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment). Some G-rich sequences were obtained after 6 rounds of selection and optimized for stronger binding affinity to hemin and higher peroxidase activity. Our results show that the truncated aptamer [B7]-3-0 folds into compact parallel G-quadruplex structure and exhibits the highest peroxidase activity and strong binding affinity to hemin with 29 ± 4 nM of <i>K</i>_d. It was found that the core G-motifs sequences with 5′-flanking nucleotides exhibit higher peroxidase activity than those with 3′-flanking nucleotides. The numbers of 5′-flanking nucleotides also influence peroxidase activity. In addition, 2′-<i>O</i>-methyl modification facilitates the self-assembly of parallel G-quadruplex [B7]-3-0 and significantly promotes peroxidase activity. This study identifies a G-quadruplex sequence with peroxidase-like activity higher than any other sequences reported so far, which could be potentially used to improve the analytical performance of a wide variety of peroxidase-based bioassays

Hollow Structured Micro/Nano MoS₂ Spheres for High Electrocatalytic Activity Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) has attracted extensive attention as a non-noble metal electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Controlling the skeleton structure at the nanoscale is paramount to increase the number of active sites at the surface. However, hydrothermal synthesis favors the presence of the basal plane, limiting the efficiency of catalytic reaction. In this work, perfect hollow MoS₂ microspheres capped by hollow MoS₂ nanospheres (hH-MoS₂) were obtained for the first time, which creates an opportunity for improving the HER electrocatalytic performance. Benefiting from the controllable hollow skeleton structure and large exposed edge sites, high-efficiency HER activity was obtained for stacked MoS₂ thin shells with a mild degree of disorder, proving the presence of rich active sites and the validity of the combined structure. In general, the obtained hollow micro/nano MoS₂ nanomaterial exhibits optimized electrocatalytic activity for HER with onset overpotential as low as 112 mV, low Tafel slope of 74 mV decade^–1, high current density of 10 mA cm^–2 at η = 214 mV, and high TOF of 0.11 H₂ s^–1 per active site at η = 200 mV