Relationships among Walleye Mercury, Selenium, Stable Isotopes, Size and Age

Bioaccumulation of mercury is well-documented in aquatic ecosystems and occurs as mercury is accumulated and passed up food chains (Kidd et al. 1995, Atwell et al. 1998, Downs et al. 1998). Trophic level correlations have been widely reported for mercury (Snodgrass et al. 2000) and other metals (Barron 1995). Generally, within a system, carnivores have the highest mercury loadings, omnivores intermediate and herbivores the lowest (Phillips et al. 1980). However, little research has focused on the differences in mercury bioaccumulation for a single species that ranges across multiple trophic levels (Burger et al. 2001). Stable isotope analysis has expanded the understanding of pathways and mechanisms that promote bioaccumulation through food webs (Peterson and Fry 1987). For example, nitrogen enrichment at each trophic transfer can describe an individual’s trophic position and often is correlated to contaminant concentrations (Sunda and Huntsman 1998) and bioaccumulation rates (Atwell et al. 1998). Further, distinct carbon signatures can describe energy inputs to a system or an individual (e.g., benthic vs. littoral energy base; Hecky and Hesslein 1995) and can provide information on how different contaminants are introduced into a water

Memory disorders in children

Memory disorders are a frequent consequence of a variety of childhood neurological conditions. We will review the characteristics of memory disorders as a function of the main four memory systems: short-term memory, episodic memory, semantic memory, and procedural memory. For each system, we will identify the most typical cerebral and/or genetic correlates, and we will discuss the impact of impairment of each memory system on everyday life functioning. © 2013 Elsevier B.V

An Extensive Evaluation of Different Knee Stability Assessment Measures: A Systematic Review

Re-injury to a recently rehabilitated or operated knee is a common occurrence that can result in significant loss of function. Knee stability measures have been used to diagnose and assess knee stability before and after rehabilitation interventions. Here, we systematically review the literature and evaluate the different anterior-posterior and rotational knee stability measures currently in use. A computer-assisted literature search of the Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane databases was conducted using keywords related to knee stability measures. In a second step, we conducted a manual search of the references cited in these articles to capture any studies that may have been missed in the searched databases. The literature search strategy identified a total of 574 potential studies. After revisiting the titles and abstracts, 34 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Most articles compared knee stability measures, whilst other studies assessed their sensitivity and specificity. Several techniques and devices used to measure knee stability are reported in the literature. However, there are only a limited number of quality studies where these techniques and/or devices have been evaluated. Further development and investigation with high quality study designs is necessary to robustly evaluate the existing devices/technique

Comparison of human B cell activation by TLR7 and TLR9 agonists

Research articl

Proporción diaria de alimento del diablillo antártico (pleuragramma antarcticum boulenger, 1902) en el este del mar de weddell

[EN] The daily ration of Pleuragramma antarcticum in the Eastern Weddell Sea was investigated from midwater and bottom trawl samples collected in the Antarctic in the summer of 1998. Using a gastric evacuation model that takes into account Weddell Sea temperature below zero and information on the prey type daily ration estimates were: 1.133% BW for immature fish of 10-16 cm and 0.484% BW for mature fish of 17-24 cm. The low daily ration intake was influenced by the low temperatures that limited the rate of gastric evacuation. This model seems more realistic than results from the classic Elliot & Persson and Eggers models that are also used in this paper, since their assumptions on feeding regularity are more rigid and they do not consider data of energy density of the prey[ES] La ración diaria de alimento de Pleuragramma antarcticum en el mar de Weddell es investigada en muestras de arrastres de fondo y pelágicas recogidas durante diferentes horas del día en el verano antártico de 1998. Utilizando un modelo de evacuación gástrica que tiene en cuenta la temperatura bajo del Mar de Weddell e información sobre el tipo de presa, las estimaciones de consumo diario fueron: 1.133% BW para peces inmaduros entre 10 -16 cm y 0.484% BW para peces maduros entre 17-24 cm. La baja ración diaria ingerida estuvo influida por las bajas temperaturas que limitan la tasa de evacuación gástrica. Este modelo parece más realista que los resultados de los modelos clásicos de Elliot & Persson and Eggers también empleados, ya que sus asunciones sobre su periodicidad de alimentación son más rígidas y no consideran datos de densidad energética de las presasThis work was conducted under the SCAR EASIZ programme, and was supported by the Alfred Wegener Institute and the Spanish Antarctic ProgrammePeer reviewe