How to define borders between private and common land in Norway?

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis Group in Danish Journal of Archaeology on 20/12/2017, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/21662282.2017.1323992. This​​​ article focuses upon the delimitation between the separate farm units and the collectively exploited common lands (‘allmenninger’) in Southeastern​​​ Norway during Medieval times. In these commons, various kind of resources – like pastures, woodland and fisheries – were accessible for exploitation by a majority of farmers in the settlement community, but subject to more restrictions than the resources of the ‘outlying fields’ pertaining to the separate farms. While the majority of the farmers within the community preferred that the extension of the commons should be preserved for their convenience, two groups of farmers might appropriate parts of the original common land area: those cultivating farms bordering to the common area, and who might extend their separate farmland successively into the previous commonly held area, and landless people who wanted to establish new farms (‘clearances’) within the common land. The legislation was also double and ambiguous. On the one hand it stated that ‘the commons [should] stay in the way they have been before’. On the other hand it was declared that a farmer establishing a farm as a new clearing in the commons should become the King’s tenant and thus come under his protection. The processes behind the institutionalizing of boundaries between the commons and private farm properties are highlighted through an analysis of settlement development in two municipalities/parishes in Southeastern Norway

How to define borders between private and common land in Norway?

This article focuses upon the delimitation between the separate farm units and the collectively exploited common lands (‘allmenninger’) in Southeastern Norway during Medieval times. In these commons, various kind of resources – like pastures, woodland and fisheries – were accessible for exploitation by a majority of farmers in the settlement community, but subject to more restrictions than the resources of the ‘outlying fields’ pertaining to the separate farms. While the majority of the farmers within the community preferred that the extension of the commons should be preserved for their convenience, two groups of farmers might appropriate parts of the original common land area: those cultivating farms bordering to the common area, and who might extend their separate farmland successively into the previous commonly held area, and landless people who wanted to establish new farms (‘clearances’) within the common land. The legislation was also double and ambiguous. On the one hand it stated that ‘the commons [should] stay in the way they have been before’. On the other hand it was declared that a farmer establishing a farm as a new clearing in the commons should become the King’s tenant and thus come under his protection. The processes behind the institutionalizing of boundaries between the commons and private farm properties are highlighted through an analysis of settlement development in two municipalities/parishes in Southeastern Norway

The Trading Networks of the High North during the Sixteenth Century

The aim of this article is to sketch the main features of the trading networks that dominated northern Fennoscandia and part of northwestern Russia during the period when the Reformation was introduced in the North, and the following century. By drawing a broad picture of the various actors that were engaged in these interactions in the borderless region in the North, I hope to highlight some of the motivating forces that lay behind their actions, and the kind of “space of action” they had at their disposal. Thus, the focus will be not only on the producers and traders taking part in the exchange of commodities and valuables within the three separate, but partly overlapping, trading networks. The policy of the surrounding states will also be taken into consideration as well: how aspiring government authorities tried to influence and regulate trade, in order to gain more unilateral control over territories and population groups in these regions, and extract some of the production surplus from various parts of the region

On the View of 'the Other' - Abroad and At Home: The Geography and Peoples of the Far North, According to Historia Norwegie

In this discussion I want to focus the spotlight on what Historia Norwegiae (hereafter H.N.) reports on relations in the Far North, on the Sámi and on the interaction between Norwegians and Sámi, as well as additional peoples further to the east in the North Calotte.2 I shall concentrate on a summary of the peoples who were perceived, to a greater or lesser extent, as standing outside the Norse, Christian cultural complex. In this context I shall not, therefore, occupy myself with the populations of Iceland or the islands of the North Sea, which in H.N. are summarized using the term “tributary islands” (tributariae insulae). I shall seek to present the depiction of these peoples in the light of research results within the social sciences and humanities that relate to ethnic affiliation and ethnic demarcation. This includes how various groups of people relate to one another, use various aspects of their cultural property to mark their own identity and distinctiveness from others, and how they place different ethnic “labels” and other “characteristics” on one another in the course of these processes. Finally, I want to focus on the conclusions we can draw from this analysis regarding the work’s provenance and the author behind the text. Before I embark on my main subject, however, I want to make some comments on the work itself, and try to place and characterize it as a textual source

Allocentric representation in the human amygdala and ventral visual stream

The hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex are considered the main brain structures for allocentric representation of the external environment. Here, we show that the amygdala and the ventral visual stream are involved in allocentric representation. Thirty-one young men explored 35 virtual environments during high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and were subsequently tested on recall of the allocentric pattern of the objects in each environment-in other words, the positions of the objects relative to each other and to the outer perimeter. We find increasingly unique brain activation patterns associated with increasing allocentric accuracy in distinct neural populations in the perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, fusiform cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex. In contrast to the traditional view of a hierarchical MTL network with the hippocampus at the top, we demonstrate, using recently developed graph analyses, a hierarchical allocentric MTL network without a main connector hub

Handel i nord : samiske samfunnsendringer ca. 1550 - ca. 1700

Siktemålet med denne undersøkelsen er å gjennomføre en særskilt drøfting av sambandet mellom handelssamkvemmet på Nordkalotten og de sosiale, økonomiske og økologiske tilpasnings-strategier og -taktikker som ble anvendt av de lokale samiske samfunnsenhetene (siidaer). Empirisk er drøftingen avgrenset til perioden ca. 1550 - ca. 1700

Perspectives on Sámi historiography

The article focuses on Sámi history and historical methods. The main results and central aspects of Sámi history, in its relational context, are gone through. What effects and consequences — regarding both methodology and narrative styles — these aspects have had, and ought to have, for the processes of doing research on and writing Sámi history? The focus is on the politics of Sámi history and research. The issues, who is “allowed” to write Sámi history and the way Sámi research is demanded to stand in the service of different societal-cultural needs of the Sámi is dealt with. This expectation of applicability concerns Sámi history in general, and the more delimited efforts of presenting situated accounts of Sámi cultural practices, traditions and experience with relations to other folk groups. Finally, methodological considerations and recommendations of Sámi history are presented, in which a number of methodological competences and in-depth usage of numerous source categories are called for

NPT Online Broadband Test Tool

Many broadband subscribers suspect that they do not receive the data rate they are paying for. In order to verify that the broadband connection is compliant with the product purchased, subscribers can go on-line and choose between a myriad of available on-line broadband test tools with variable degree of precision. Today there exist no standardized methods to perform broadband evaluation for private subscribers. We review and benchmark a selection of the available broadband test tools to reveal their strengths and weaknesses. Different tools have different approaches in their evaluation of network performance. Our studies show that most of the tools achieve acceptable accuracy for common Internet access data rates in Norway today. But when the data rate is increasing, the results from the different tools start to deviate. This is apparent for the upload rates in particular. The test methodology and the implementation technology are crucial for high bandwidth measurements. The Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority will develop and release an on-line tool for evaluation of the end-users' Internet connections. We present the planned service and elaborate its possibilities and limitations. Network neutrality is a concept that is quite ambiguous, and there exist many different interpretations. Based on the principles of network neutrality, developed by the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority, we evaluate if the planned service is able to reveal breaches of network neutrality. We conclude that this is not possible with the planned service, mainly because of the limitations in the planned architecture combined with the complexity of network neutrality. A broadband test tool should evaluate the quality of a broadband connection in context of its usage. We suggest a user profile scheme based on relevant services for different groups of users. Different services have requirements to different network characteristics, and this consequently determine what characteristics should be evaluated for each profile. Lastly, we make use of our gained knowledge and recommend possible extensions and future applications for broadband evaluation