LMMSE Estimation and Interpolation of Continuous-Time Signals from Discrete-Time Samples Using Factor Graphs

The factor graph approach to discrete-time linear Gaussian state space models is well developed. The paper extends this approach to continuous-time linear systems/filters that are driven by white Gaussian noise. By Gaussian message passing, we then obtain MAP/MMSE/LMMSE estimates of the input signal, or of the state, or of the output signal from noisy observations of the output signal. These estimates may be obtained with arbitrary temporal resolution. The proposed input signal estimation does not seem to have appeared in the prior Kalman filtering literature

Finanzierung von Übernahmeangeboten – Testat und Haftung des Wertpapierdienstleistungsunternehmens nach § 13 WpÜG

Das neue Wertpapiererwerbs- und Übernahmegesetz (WpÜG)1 weist den Wertpapierdienstleistungsunternehmen erstmals eine gesetzliche Rolle im Rahmen der Finanzierung von öffentlichen Übernahmeangeboten zu, indem es eine von einem solchen Unternehmen ausgestellte Bestätigung der Finanzierbarkeit zum zwingenden Bestandteil der Angebotsunterlage macht. Hieraus ergibt sich zum einen ein neues Geschäftsfeld für Kreditinstitute, zum anderen aber auch ein neues Haftungsrisiko

Structural basis for the regulation of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels: interactions between the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain and Ca2+-calmodulin

It is well-known that the opening of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels can be regulated by calmodulin (CaM). One of the main regulatory mechanisms is calcium-dependent inactivation (CDI), where binding of apo-CaM to the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain of the channel can effectively sense an increase in the local calcium ion concentration. Calcium-bound CaM can bind to the IQ-motif region of the C-terminal region and block the calcium channel, thereby providing a negative feedback mechanism that prevents the rise of cellular calcium concentrations over physiological limits. Recently, an additional Ca2+/CaM-binding motif (NSCaTE, N-terminal spatial Ca2+ transforming element) was identified in the amino terminal cytoplasmic region of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3. This motif exists only in Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 channels, and a pronounced N-lobe (Ca2+/CaM) CDI effect was found for Cav1.3. To understand the molecular basis of this interaction, the complexes of Ca2+/CaM with the biosynthetically produced N-terminal region (residues 1–68) and NSCaTE peptide (residues 48–68) were investigated. We discovered that the NSCaTE motif in the N-terminal cytoplasmic region adopts an α-helical conformation, most likely due to its high alanine content. Additionally, the complex exhibits an unusual 1:2 protein:peptide stoichiometry when bound to Ca2+-CaM, and the N-lobe of CaM has a much stronger affinity for the peptide than the C-lobe. The complex structures of the isolated N- and C-lobe of Ca2+/CaM and the NSCaTE peptide were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and data-driven protein-docking methods. Moreover, we also demonstrated that calcium binding protein 1, which competes with CaM for binding to the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, binds only weakly to the NSCaTE region. The structures provide insights into the possible roles of this motif in the calcium regulatory network. Our study provides structural evidence for the CaM-bridge model proposed in previous studies

Kreditverkäufe in der Praxis : Missbrauchsfälle und aktuelle Reformansätze

Der Verkauf von Immobiliendarlehen sorgt nach wie vor für Aufregung. Die Kreditwirtschaft sieht sich mit vehementen öffentlichen Vorwürfen konfrontiert, die den Kredithandel beeinträchtigen. Die Kreditinstitute werden indes nicht müde in ihren Beteuerungen, ordnungsgemäß bediente Kredite nicht an Finanzinvestoren zu veräußern und dabei hinzunehmen, dass ihre Kreditnehmer ihrer Wohnimmobilie verlustig gehen. Die praktische Bedeutung des Kredithandels ist gerade in Deutschland immens. Exemplarisch genannt sei als eine der größten bisherigen Transaktionen der Ende 2007 erfolgte Erwerb eines 53.000 Immobiliarkredite umfassenden Portfolios im Volumen von ca. 4,3 Mrd. Euro durch die ING Diba von der Hypo Real Estate. Unter der Überschrift "Verbesserte Transparenz bei Verkäufen von Kreditforderungen" hat die Bundesregierung um die letzte Jahreswende ein Maßnahmenpaket vorgelegt, mit dem auf Missbrauchsfälle beim Verkauf von Krediten reagiert werden soll. Inzwischen ist die Diskussion fortgeschritten, weitere Reformvorschläge sind in der Welt. Dabei sind die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen von Kreditverkäufen de lege lata auch nach einer einschlägigen BGH-Entscheidung vom 27. Februar 2007 noch immer nicht abschließend geklärt. Bevor in nachfolgendem Beitrag die aktuellen Reformansätze vorgestellt und einer kurzen Bewertung unterzogen werden, seien daher die derzeitige Praxis und Rechtslage untersucht

Rechtstatsachen zur Beschlusskontrolle im Aktienrecht

Während des Untersuchungszeitraums (1980 – 1999 einschließlich) ist sowohl die Zahl der Aktiengesellschaften in Deutschland insgesamt als auch die Zahl der börsennotierten Gesellschaften gestiegen. Dabei verlief der Anstieg nicht gleichförmig. Während beide Zahlen sich in den Jahren 1980 bis 1990 nur unwesentlich veränderten, ist für die Jahre nach 1996 ein geradezu sprunghafter Anstieg der absoluten Zahl von Gesellschaften zu verzeichnen. Die Zunahme börsennotierter Gesellschaften blieb demgegenüber im Verhältnis eher gering. Während die Zahl der Gesellschaften insgesamt sich im Untersuchungszeitraum um das 3,5-fache erhöht hat, hat sich die Gesamtzahl börsennotierter Aktiengesellschaften lediglich verdoppelt

Genetic Modification of Herbaceous Plants for Feed and Fuel

Much of the research on the genetic modification of herbaceous plant cell walls has been conducted to improve the utilization of forages by ruminant livestock. The rumen of these animals is basically an anaerobic fermentation vat in which the microflora break down the complex polysaccharides of plant cell walls into simpler compounds that can be further digested and absorbed by the mammalian digestive system. Research on improving the forage digestibility of switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., and other herbaceous species has demonstrated that genetic improvements can be made in forage quality that can have significant economic value. To meet future energy needs, herbaceous biomass will need to be converted into a liquid fuel, probably ethanol, via conversion technologies still under development. If feedstock quality can be genetically improved, the economics and efficiency of the conversion processes could be significantly enhanced. Improving an agricultural product for improved end product use via genetic modification requires knowledge of desired quality attributes, the relative economic value of the quality parameters in relation to yield, genetic variation for the desired traits, or for molecular breeding, knowledge of genes to suppress or add, and knowledge of any associated negative consequences of genetic manipulation. Because conversion technology is still under development, desirable plant feedstock characteristics have not been completely delineated. Some traits such as cellulose and lignin concentration will undoubtably be important. Once traits that affect biomass feedstock conversion are identified, it will be highly feasible to genetically modify the feedstock quality of herbaceous plants using both conventional and molecular breeding techniques. The use of molecular markers and transformation technology will greatly enhance the capability of breeders to modify the morphologic structure and cell walls of herbaceous species. It will be necessary to monitor gene flow to remnant wild populations of biomass plants and have strategies available to curtail gene flow if it becomes a potential problem. It will also be necessary to monitor plant survival and longterm productivity as affected by these genetic changes to herbaceous species

Incentivising innovation in the construction sector: the role of consulting contracts

The issue of whether contracts promote innovation and sustainability is an important but overlooked aspect for achieving energy and environmental targets, as well as for creating smart and sustainable cities. In this article, based on the principle/agent problem and Holmström and Milgrom’s work on optimal contracts it is argued that the current general conditions of architectural and engineering consulting agreements in Sweden (ABK 09)—a standard type of contract often used in developer/consultant relations—may not incentivize choices that support the long-term goals of society. Furthermore, although this exploratory study specifically analyses a Swedish standard contract, the question of how contractual incentive structures can optimize real-world performance is a general one, and thus the article’s findings have general applicability. This exploratory study also points to further research into how contractual structures impact climate-neutral buildings. In this way, Swedish consultants who use ABK 09 are incentivized to include low-risk, well-proven, and widely used technologies in order to minimize risks for themselves. This study contributes to resolving this dilemma by suggesting how ABK 09 could be restructured to change the balance between incentives and risk and incentivize innovation and sustainability. As mentioned above, the current study operates at a theoretical level. It discusses six possible changes that would better align the contract with the societal goals of innovation and sustainability

Sabatino de Ursis' Preface to the Taixi shuifa 泰西水法 (Hydromethods of the Great West; 1612): The 'Basic Discourse on Hydromethods' (Shuifa benlun 水法本論)

EnThis is the first complete translation into a Western language of Sabatino de Ursis' preface to the Taixi shuifa1. After a short summary of its contents and some remarks about the origin of this translation, the annotated text, accompanied by the Chinese transcription of the original, will be presented.ItQuesta è la prima traduzione completa in una lingua occidentale della prefazione di Sabatino de Ursis al Taixi shuifa1. Dopo un breve riassunto del suo contenuto e alcune osservazioni sull'origine di questa traduzione, viene presentato il testo annotato, accompagnato dalla trascrizione cinese dell'originale

Metabolomics: is it useful for inflammatory bowel diseases?

Purpose of Review: The assessment of metabolite profiles in biofluids has become a powerful method for the detection of biomarker molecules and disease mechanisms. This review outlines the recent advances in the use of metabolomic techniques to study inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Recent findingsThe last few years have seen an increase in the studies of experimental and human IBD focusing on the search for small metabolites, such as amino acids, bases, and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Experimental methods for the screening of metabolites in serum, urine, fecal extracts, and colon tissue include H-1 NMR spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography methods. Several studies demonstrate that IBD patients and healthy individuals, as well as the IBD subtypes, can be distinguished using metabolic profiling. Metabolomic data of fecal extracts and urine have revealed disruptions in bacterial populations, findings that are indicative of a possible involvement of the microbiome in the development of IBDs. SummaryMetabolites from biofluids can be detected in IBDs by different experimental methods that allow successful separation of IBD subtypes from healthy cohorts. Knowledge of a unique metabolomic fingerprint in IBDs could be useful for diagnosis, treatment, and detection of disease mechanisms