A State-of-the-Art Review of Testing by Analysis in Cold-Formed Steel Design

New product development is crucial to allow innovation in the cold-formed steel structural industry. However, the required physical testing of new components and assemblies are often a cost barrier which prevents implementation and slows new product development. Testing by analysis can be a good alternative to physical testing as it reduces the expense and time for performing physical experiments, however, two considerations are necessary to ensure accurate results. First, it requires a rational engineering analysis to calculate the capacities and deformations of the system, and the requirements to produce accurate analyses must be explicitly stated. Second, it is necessary to understand if the software used is capable of correctly modeling the behavior of standard thin-walled and nonsymmetric structural members and systems. This study aims to evaluate existing design standards that include numerical test-based design for both cold-formed steel and other industries. Recommendations for the use of testing by analysis based on the design standards and recent research relevant to testing by analysis are presented. The results of this study will assist with determining recommended requirements for accurate design and testing by analysis.This paper is based in part upon work supported by the American Iron and Steel Institute through a fellowship. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of AISI

Calibration and validation of the hole-drilling method to measure residual stresses in advanced high-strength cold-formed steel members

Advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) has a unique microstructure which enables unprecedented combinations of strength and ductility. Quantification of residual stresses in AHSS sections is important to translate this newer material to the con- struction industry. Residual stresses are induced as a result of the cold-forming process where the distribution and magni- tude of residual stresses affect the strength and stability behavior of structural members. One method to measure residual stresses is the hole-drilling method, which is a semi-destructive method where the change of strain is measured locally before and after a small hole is drilled on a specimen. ASTM E837 recommends equations to calculate residual stress using calibration constants, which are derived from the assumption that the material is linear elastic over the range of residual stress magnitudes. However, AHSS materials have a significantly rounded stress-strain curve compared to conventional steel. Moreover, for a thin workpiece, through-hole drilling can be used to measure residual stresses, which assumes uni- form membrane stresses through the thickness of a specimen without flexural residual stresses. Currently there is a lack of existing studies to confirm if the suggested calibration constants are appropriate for AHSS members. A series of hole-drilling measurements to determine residual stresses in press-braked AHSS lipped angle members was conducted according to ASTM E837. A lipped angle was formed from a sheet of 1.8-mm thick dual-phase steel with a nominal yield stress of 580 MPa and a nominal ultimate strength of 980 MPa. Outer surface strains near the cross-section corners and on the flat regions along the sheet longitudinal and transverse directions were measured by electrical strain gauge rosettes. The distribution of residual stresses obtained from the hole-drilling method was compared with the residual stress measured by the sectioning method of identical AHSS angles. Recommendations for the use of the hole-drilling method and appropriate calibration constants to determine residual stress measurements in AHSS members is presented

Ramucirumab: A New Agent for Advanced or Metastatic Gastric Junction Adenocarcinoma

Ramucirumab (Cyramza®), approved April 21, 2014, is a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) antagonist with a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) indication for the treatment of advanced or metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Gastric cancer is a prevalent cancer in the United States with a poor prognosis. The phase 3 trial, REGARD, shows that ramucirumab, when used within four months after the last dose of first-line chemotherapy or six months after the last dose of adjuvant chemotherapy, increases overall survival. Also, ramucirumab has been included in combination therapy, such as in the RAINBOW trial, which demonstrated its effectiveness in combination with paclitaxel as a second-line treatment option. Notable adverse reactions to ramucirumab are severe hypertension and injection site reactions. Because it is a newer anticancer agent, ramucirumab\u27s full potential may not yet be recognized. Possible future uses of ramucirumab may include the treatment of other forms of cancer or utilization as a first-line agent

Body Composition Estimation and Satisfaction in College Students

College students are at an elevated risk for engaging in unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, including disordered eating and low levels of exercise. Evidence also suggests that college students inaccurately estimate their weight status (e.g., reporting they are overweight when they are at a normal weight) and report high levels of body dissatisfaction. Efforts to promote healthy behavior change and body satisfaction first require an accurate perception of the problem. The purpose of this study was to 1) determine the accuracy with which college students estimate their weight and body composition, and 2) better understand the relationship between body composition and body satisfaction. Methods: Forty-five college students (males = 21 and females = 24), between 18 and 30 years of age, completed a survey with items assessing demographic characteristics, weight status estimation, body composition estimation, and the Body Part Satisfaction Scale (BPSS). Body composition was assessed using Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Paired samples t-tests were used to compare means between participant’s objective measurements and their estimated measurements. Bivariate analyses were used to determine relationships between body part dissatisfaction and body composition. Results: Males and females accurately estimated their weight (d =-.16, SD = 2.56, t(44) = -.414, p = 0.68), but significantly underestimated their body fat percentage (d =-4.37, SD = 7.62, t(44) = -3.85), p = 0.001). Greater body dissatisfaction was associated with a higher body fat percentage (r =. 353), but not body fat percentage estimation (r = .164). In the trunk region, a higher body fat percentage in that region was significantly associated with greater dissatisfaction for abdomen size (r = .323); higher body fat percentage in the arms and legs were mildly associated with greater dissatisfaction in the respective areas (r = .268; r = .260), though not statistically significant. Conclusions: Although college students accurately estimated their weight, they significantly underestimated their fat mass, indicating a misunderstanding regarding the proportion of their body weight composed of fat tissue. As expected, greater fat mass in specific body parts (e.g., arms, legs, and truck) was related with greater dissatisfaction in those specific areas. Future research should continue to investigate these relationships and body composition estimation accuracy in more diverse samples. Health promotion initiatives should aim to educate students on body composition and continue to promote healthy behavior change along with body satisfaction

A Comparison of Flexed Vs. Relaxed Skinfold Methodology in College Aged Males and Females

Skinfold caliper measurements are routinely utilized in assessing individual’s body composition and subcutaneous fat thicknesses. The precise separation of subcutaneous fat from muscle is critical to obtaining accurate measurements of body composition. The current investigation examined the accuracy of a flexed skinfold method (FSM) compared to the traditional relaxed skinfold method (RSF) and DEXA in 20 males (mean age = 20.8 + 2.5 yrs) and 20 females (mean age = 20.8 + 1.6 yrs). Body composition was assessed by FSM and RSF in a counterbalanced design within gender for RSF and FSM, using Lange skinfold calipers with the Jackson-Pollock 3-site method and the Siri’s percent body fat equation. Each site (chest, umbilical, and thigh for males; triceps, super iliac, and thigh for females) was measured three times and the average was utilized to calculate body density and percent body fat. The same researcher performed all skinfold measurements and DEXA scan on a single occasion. A 2 X 3 ANOVA was used to determine the effect of gender (females and males) and different body composition methods (FSM, RSM, and DEXA) along with Bland-Altman plots. No statistical differences were observed between FSM and RSM in body fat percentage (FSM: 15.7 + 7.5% vs. RSM: 16.0 + 7.5%; p = 0.74), chest (FSM: 4.3 + 1.2mm vs. RSM: 4.6 + 1.6mm; p = 0.83), triceps (FSM: 18.7 + 6.1mm vs. RSM: 18.6 + 5.4mm; p = 0.52), super iliac (FSM: 15.2 + 4.3mm vs. RSM: 15.1 + 4.8mm; p = 0.62), or umbilical measurement (FSM: 17.1 + 6.3mm vs. RSM: 17.3 + 6.2mm; p = 0.62). However, there was a significant difference in thigh skinfold location, indicating that subcutaneous fat measured by FSM was lower than one measured by RSM (FL: 17.5 + 7.2mm, RL: 18.5 + 7.4mm; p = 0.003). Additionally, both FSM and RSM underestimated body fat percentage as compared to DEXA (FSM: 15.7 + 7.5%, RSM: 16.0 + 7.5%, vs. DEXA: 18.9 + 7.5%; p \u3c 0.01). It appears that assessing overall body composition using a flexed skinfold method does not necessarily improve the overall accuracy of skinfold body composition measurement when compared against a relaxed method

The Student Movement Volume 106 Issue 16: Making History, One Step at a Time: AU Celebrates Women\u27s History Month

HUMANS A Life in Books, Interviewed by: Grace No WEAAU President Interview: Caryn Cruz, Interviewed by: Lauren Kim Women Who Inspire Us, Solana Campbell ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT AU Music Fest Vespers Concert, Solana Campbell Creative Spotlight: Paige Swanson, Interviewed by: Megan Napod Current Favorites: Women\u27s History Month, Kaela McFadden Where Have All the Good Women Gone?, Hannah Cruse NEWS March Events on Campus, Abigail Lee Running Like a Girl, Alyssa Henriquez She Leads Vespers Honors Women in Leadership, Abigail Lee The Ukraine War: How It Began, Chris Ngugi The Ukraine War: How It\u27s Going, Chris Ngugi The Ukraine War: Run, Chris Ngugi IDEAS And So I Bid You Adieu, Evin-Nazya Musgrove Equal Pay in Sports, Angelina Nesmith My Place Is Where Now?! Perceptions and Expectations of Women with Housework, Alexander Navarro PUSLE 22 Books to Read in 2022, Isabella Koh A Reflection on Still I Rise\u27 by Maya Angelou, Alannah Tjahatra Women & Adventism, Karenna Lee THE LAST WORD To Fear Femininity, Qualyn Robinsonhttps://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/sm-106/1015/thumbnail.jp

The Student Movement Volume 105 Issue 1: Back with a Bang

NEWS Suicide Awareness Month in the Chaos of 2020, Kavya Mohanram AUSA Lighthouse Vespers: The Gospel in Motion, Caralynn Chan IDEAS A Summer Recap, Alannah Tjhatra How to Survive a Pandemic, Solana Campbell Writing Cards to Senior Citizens, Sung Been Han PULSE Change Day at Michiana Fil-Am: Dual Perspectives from a Student and an Organizer, Masy Domecillo Honors Agape Feast, Jessica Rim HUMANS Chef Linda Brinegar, Interviewed by Alyssa Henriquez Summer During a Global Pandemic, Interviewed by Ben Lee Teaching During COVID-19, Interviewed by Celeste Richardson The Wellness Center Reopening, Interviewed by Terika Williams ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT A Tribute to Chadwick Boseman, Megan Napod Corn and Watermelon for Everyone!, Megan Napod Local Hotspots: (but not the coronavirus kind), Hannah Cruse Radiant Recitals, Isabella Koh THE LAST WORD Where is Home?, Daniel Selfhttps://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/sm-105/1001/thumbnail.jp

The Student Movement Volume 106 Issue 5: AU Celebrates Pinoy Pride: Filipino American History Month 2021

HUMANS AU Cardinals Women\u27s Soccer Season: Interview with Team Captain Grecia Castillo, Interviewed by: Lauren Kim My Filipino Heritage: An Interview with Glenielle Sta Anna, Interviewed by Caryn Cruz Phoenicia Finesse: An Interview with Nilah Mataafa, Interviewed by: Grace No ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT A Blast from the Past: The Wind Symphony Fall Concert, Joshua Deonarine America is in the Heart : A Filipino-American Story, Megan Napod Pinoys Got Talent, Hannah Cruse Reflection on Pinoy Presence in American Media, Solana Campbell NEWS Celebration of Filipino American History Month 2021, Brendan Syto Proximity x AUSA: The Garden: a celebration of His Love, Caralynn Chan 2021 Research Week at Andrews University, Abigail Lee The 2021 Professions Career Fair, Brendan Syto IDEAS Get Your Hopes Up, Science Says To, Evin-Nazya Musgrove How America Stole the Philippines, Lyle Goulbourne Men Are Falling Behind in College Enrollment, Elizabeth Getahun PULSE A Reflection on To Autumn by John Keats, Alannah Tjhatra Celebrating Filipino American History Month, Izzy Koh On the Right Path?, Karenna Lee THE LAST WORD A Response to Ted Wilson\u27s Statement on the LGBTQIA+ Community, Alyssa Henriquezhttps://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/sm-106/1004/thumbnail.jp

A Sustainable Campus for the Future: Proposals for Sarah Lawrence College

The combined version of A Sustainable Campus for the Future: Proposals for Sarah Lawrence College comes from a joint project between the students in Economics of the Ecological Crisis and Global Change Biology in Spring 2016, taught by Nicholas Reksten and Michelle Hersh, respectively.https://digitalcommons.slc.edu/undergrad_sustainproject/1009/thumbnail.jp