Böcek Beslenme Ekolojisinin Genel Prensipleri

DergiPark: 245916trakyafbdBöceklerin beslenme ekolojilerinin iyi bilinmesi, onların biyoloji, davranış, doğal ecosistem ve agroekosistemlerinin anlaşılmasının ön koşulunu oluşturmaktadır. Büyüme ve üreme için gerekli olan böcek beslenme koşulları yıllardır bilinmesine rağmen sadece az sayıda böcek üzerinde beslenme koşulları ayrıntılı olarak çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmalarda bile böceklerin beslenme koşullarındaki olağanüstü farklılıklar ortaya konulmuştur. Böceklerle yapılacak çalışmalarda, böcek beslenme koşullarının bilinmesi çok önemlidir. Beslenme ekolojisi, hem temel hemde uygulamalı olarak böcek davranışlarının ve değişik yaşam koşullarına olan adaptasyonlarının anlaşılmasında çok önemlidir. Bu derlemede, böcek beslenme ökolojisi, spesifik beslenme gereksinimleri, beslenmeyi arttırıcı ve azaltıcı faktörler sunulmuştur.A comprehensive knowledge of the nutritional ecology of insects is a requirement to understand their biology, behavior, and impact in natural ecosystems and agro-ecosystems. Although, major insect nutritional requirements for growth and reproduction are known for years, only a few dozen insects have been studied to learn their nutritional requirements. Extraordinary nutritional requirements were found in a few insects from even these few studies. It is important to understand comparative nutritional requirements in order to study insects. Nutritional ecology is a useful way to synthesize research on both the basic and applied aspects of insect behavior, and it allows us to achieve a better understanding of the evolution of different lifestyles. In this review, emphasis will be placed on insect nutritional ecology, requirements for specific nutrients, phagostimulants, and feeding deterrents

Determination of Artificial Oviposition Substrates for Olive Fruit Fly, Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Diptera:Tephritidae)

Bu çalışma zeytin sineği’nin (Bactrocera oleae Gmelin) laboratuvarda yetiştirilebilmesi için yapay yumurta bırakma ortamlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Laboratuvarda parafin karışımı, parafilm ve naylon kullanılarak üç farklı yapay yumurta bırakma ortamı oluşturulmuştur. Zeytin sineklerinin yapay ortamlara bıraktıkları günlük ortalama yumurta sayıları tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, zeytin sineği dişilerinin aynı kafeslerde test edilen ortamlardan naylon konileri tercih ederek en fazla yumurtayı 9 günyaşta (131.00 ± 2.64 adet/gün) ve en az yumurtayı ise 18 gün-yaşta (52.00 ± 6.35 adet/gün) bıraktıkları belirlenmiştir. Dişiler çiftleştikten sonra kafeslerden erkek bireylerin çıkarılması, dişilerin yumurta verimine olumsuz etki etmiştir. Yalnız çiftleşmiş dişilerin ve hem dişi hem erkeklerin birlikte bulunduğu kafeslerde sırasıyla 9 gün-yaşta (70.22 ± 15.92 ve 75.77 ± 16.84 adet/gün ) ve 18 gün-yaşta (35.44 ± 8.72 ve 49.88 ± 12.03 adet/gün) yumurta bırakılmıştır. Konukçu içine yumurta bırakan zeytin sineği, laboratuvarda doğal konukçusuna gerek kalmadan yapay ortamlara yumurta bırakabilmiştir.This study was conducted to determine artificial oviposition substrates for olive fruit fly in the laboratory. Three-different oviposition substrates, paraffin mixture, parafilm and nylon were prepared and tested for their suitability as egging substrates in the laboratory. The average numbers of eggs laid by olive fruit fly were determined for each oviposition substrate. As a result, females of olive fruit flies preferred and laid the highest amount of eggs on nylon cones at 9 day-old (131.00 ± 2.64 number/day), and the least amount of eggs laid at 18 day-old (52.00 ± 6.35 number/day). After mating, removing of males from the cages had a negative effect in female’s egg productivity. The number of laid eggs in the cages having only mated females and both males and females at 9 day-old (70.22 ± 15.92 ve 75.77 ± 16.84 number/day ), and 18 day-old (35.44 ± 8.72 ve 49.88 ± 12.03 number/day) respectively. Although, olive fruit flies normally lay eggs inside the host, they also lay eggs in artificial oviposition substrates in the laboratory

Metode savladavanja dormantnosti i značajke klijavosti sjemena vrste Acer trautvetteri Medvedev

In this study, seed dormancy removal and germination characteristics of Acer trautvetteri Medvedev, is one of the major maple species of the eastern Black Sea region, were studied. To do that, the seeds were collected in 2008 three times with aproximately 15-days intervals. In order to remove dormancy, several germination treatments were applied. The treatments were (1) different seed collection time, (2) soaking in water, (3) cold-moist stratification and (4) GA3 (gibberellic acid) application. The treated seeds were germinated in growing chamber at 5 0C and in greenhouse conditions. This research indicated that seeds of Acer trautvetteri exhibit physiological dormancy and require stratification period to remove seed dormancy. The highest germination percentage in the growing chamber subjected to GA3 application after eight weeks of stratification treatment was 66 % for Acer trautvetteri seeds. The highest germination percentage in greenhouse was obtained with cold stratification after eight weeks (81 %). Although GA3 treatment had a positive effect on germination in growth chamber + 5 0C, GA3 treatment had a negative effect on germination in greenhouse conditions. Soaking in water of nonstratified seeds wasn’t any significant difference on seed germination. There was a positive correlation between seed collection time and germination (r=0.59). As a result, the third collection time (in october) should be preferred as seed collection time in Acer trautvetteri seeds, considering that it may vary according to the climatic conditions of the year.Vrsta Acer trautvetteri Medvedev geografski je rasprostranjen na Kavkazu i u Turskoj. Pridolazi na visinama od 400 do 2100 m. U ovom radu raspravljamo o savladavanju dormantnosti i značajkama klijanja sjemena vrste Acer trautvetteri Medvedev, jedne od glavnih vrsta javora u istočnom crnomorskom području. U tu je svrhu godine 2008. prikupljano sjeme u tri navrata s razmakom od 15 dana. Kako bismo savladali dormantnost, primijenili smo nekoliko tretmana klijanja. Tretmani su uključivali (1) različito vrijeme sakupljanja sjemena, (2) namakanje u vodi, (3) hladno-vlažnu stratifikaciju i (4), primjenu GA3 (giberelinske kiseline). Tretirano sjeme klijalo je u komori rasta pri 5 0C i u stakleničkim uvjetima. Ovom studijom utvrđeno je da sjeme vrste Acer trautvetteri pokazuje fiziološku dormantnost i da je za savladavanje dormantnosti potreban period stratifikacije. Najviši postotak klijavosti sjemena vrste Acer trautvetteri u komori rasta uz primjenu GA3 nakon osam tjedana stratifikacije iznosio je 66 % . Najviši postotak klijanja u stakleniku postignut je hladnom stratifikacijom nakon osam tjedana (81 %). Postotak klijanja sjemena vrste Acer trautvetteri stratificiranog tijekom osam tjedana bio je viši od postotka klijanja nestratificiranog sjemena i u komori rasta i u stakleničkim uvjetima. Ova činjenica potvrđuje da sjeme vrste Acer trautvetteri pokazuje fiziološku dormantnost i da je za savladavanje dormantnosti sjemena potreban period stratifikacije. Iako je tretman s GA3 imao pozitivan utjecaj na klijavost u komori rasta pri +5 0C, tretman s GA3 negativno je utjecao na klijanje u stakleničkim uvjetima. Namakanje nestratificiranog sjemena u vodi nije pokazalo neku značajniju razliku na klijavost sjemena. Postoji pozitivna korelacija između vremena prikupljanja sjemena i klijanja (r=0.59). Shodno tome, preporučuje se treće vrijeme prikupljanja (u listopadu) sjemena vrste Acer trautvetteri. Točno vrijeme sakupljanja sjemena može varirati ovisno o klimatskim godišnjim uvjetima

Perception of Woman in Proverbs in Terms of Gender

In the course of time, observations, experiences, and impressions about the general attitudes and behaviors of an individual become stereotyped and turn into the words which characterize a certain situation and/or events. These words reflect the viewpoint of one person against another, the world, and the society of which s/he is a member. From this perspective, proverbs and idioms contain the viewpoints, evaluations, and judgements about concepts, situations, and facts which societies develop within the context of socio-cultural issues. This research is based on the general screening model and emphasizes the perception of women in terms of gender in proverbs. The research analyzes how women are perceived in individual, domestic and social life or how they are made to be perceived by society. It is clearly seen from the research that proverbs and phrases about women are frequently evaluated within a domestic sphere and familial relationships. The perspective of a society toward women becomes integrated with the roles of women in social and domestic life. The gender perception of women in society has religious, economic, political, social, and cultural differences. There are also different perceptions about women’s sexuality, education, and familial bonds. Within this criteria, the thoughts and judgements about the concept of women in proverbs are either affirmative, negative, or a combination of the two. This research finds that the situation of women in proverbs is mostly determined by a brother, father and/or a husband in a male dominated fami

Utjecaj različitih tretmana na prekid dormantnosti i klijavost sjemena Acer cappadocicum Gleditsch var. cappadocicum

This study was carried out to determine effects of different pretreatment on seed germination and to overcome dormancy in Acer cappadocicum seeds. The seeds were collected in 2008 three times with aproximately 15-days intervals. In order to overcome dormancy, several germination treatments were applied. The treatments were (1) different seed collection time, (2)soaking in water, (3) cold-moist stratification and (4) GA3 (gibberellic acid) application. The treated seeds were germinated in growing chamber at 5 0C and in greenhouse conditions. This research showed that seeds of Acer cappadocicum exhibit physiological dormancy and require stratification period to overcome seed dormancy. The highest germination percentage in the growing chamber subjected to GA3 process after eight weeks of stratification treatment was 62 % for Acer cappadocicum seeds. The highest germination percentage in greenhouse was obtained with cold stratification after eight weeks (95 %). It was found out that GA3 treatment had a significant effect on germination in growth chamber + 5 0C but GA3 treatment didn’t have a significant effect on germination in greenhouse conditions. GA3 treatment and soaking of unstratified seeds in water for 48 hr didn’t have any positive effect on germination value in greenhouse conditions. Although growth chamber and green house results both indicated that seed collection time did not seem to play a role as statistically on seed germination, Duncan’s test showed that the third seed collection time was in a different group.Acer cappadocicum var. cappadocicum široko je rasprostranjen na Kavkazu, u Zapadnoj Aziji i na Himalaji. Javlja se u sjeveroistočnoj Anatoliji u Turskoj na visinama od 400 m do 1600 m, a uobičajen je i u regijama Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Rize i Artvin u Turskoj. Iako se Acer cappadocicum prirodno širi u šumama istočnog Crnog mora, on se ne može proizvesti u dovoljnim količinama u privatnim i šumskim rasadnicima. U istraživanju pošumljavanja jedno od glavnih načela odnosi se na korištenje prirodno rastućih vrsta. U ovom radu istraženo je otklanjanje dormantnosti sjemena Acer cappadocicum, jedne od važnih vrsta Acer u području istočnog Crnog mora. Ovaj rad bavi se istraživanjem ­utjecaja U ovom radu istražen je utjecaj predtretmana na klijavost sjemena i otklanjanja dormantnosti sjemena Acer cappadocicum. Sjeme je prikupljeno 2008. godine u tri navrata u intervalima od približno 15 dana. Kako bi se otklonila dormantnost, primijenjeno je nekoliko tretmana klijanja. Tretmani su uključivali (1) različito vrijeme prikupljanja sjemena, (2) potapanje u vodi, (3) hladno-vlažnu stratifikaciju i (4) primjenu GA3 (giberelinska kiselina). Tretirano sjeme podvrgnuto je klijanju u komori rasta na temperaturi od 5 0C i u stakleničkim uvjetima. Ovim istraživanjem je utvrđeno da sjeme Acer cappadocicum pokazuje fiziološku dormantnost i da je za otklanjanje dormantnosti sjemena potrebno razdoblje stratifikacije. U preliminarnim pokusima sjeme Acer cappadocicum podvrgnuto je hladno-vlažnoj stratifikaciji tijekom osam tjedana. Kad je period stratifikacije produžen, većina sjemena proklijala je tijekom perioda stratifikacije. Najviši postotak klijavosti u komori rasta izloženom postupku s GA3 nakon osam tjedana stratifikacije iznosio je 62. Najviši procenat klijavosti u stakleniku postignut je postupkom hladne stratifikacije nakon osam tjedana (95 %). Utvrđeno je da tretman s GA3 nije imao značajniji utjecaj na klijavost u stakleničkim uvjetima. Prema tomu, za sijanje sjemena Acer cappadocicum u stakleničkim uvjetima ne preporučuje se primjena GA3. Tretman s GA3 i potapanje nestratificiranog sjemena u vodi 48 sati nije imao pozitivne učinke na vrijednosti klijavosti u stakleničkim uvjetima. Iako rezultati dobiveni u komori rasta i stakleniku pokazuju da vrijeme prikupljanja sjemena nije statistički utjecalo na klijavost sjemena, Dunkanov test ukazuje na to da se kllijavost sjemena sakupljenog u trećem navratu signifikantno razlikuje u odnosu na klijavost sjemena sakupljenog u prva dva navrata. Rezultati pokazuju da je najbolje vrijeme za prikupljanje sjemena Acer cappadicucum ono iz trećeg navrata (u listopadu), ali ono može i varirati ovisno o klimatskim uvjetima tijekom godine

An Analysis of Turkish and French Editions of “Little Red Riding Hood”

Little Red Riding Hood is analyzed within the context of Turkish and French editions of the tale in this study. In the analysis, translation strategy of the tale from the source language to the target language is discussed in detail, especially in terms of competence and acceptability. During the translation of the tale from the source language to the target language, structural and syntactic characteristics and vocabulary of the translation are emphasized. In the study, the approach to the tale in the target language and the translation method are presented through chosen sentences in the source language and their translations into Turkish. A number of translation strategies such as nativization and/or alienation, imitation, reformation, generalization, addition, borrowing, reduction in translation texts are used in the study. In conclusion, the translation of Little Red Riding Hood into Turkish should be evaluated with regard to the concept of more acceptable translation

Discourse analysis on the news of femicide in print media: Turkey-America sampleYazılı basında çıkan kadın cinayeti haberleri üzerine söylem çözümlemesi: Türkiye-Amerika örneği

Murder which means that someone knowingly or willingly kills another person is a serious act. The punishment of this crime is a life imprisonment or execution. Although there are many reasons for the murder, the main reason to make this action for man or woman is the reason for that murder. A person with a tendency to commit homicide can head for the powerless and weaker ones, especially considering their own safety. This impulse of violence which is inherent in human being shows tendency to the domineeringness of the strong onto the weak. In recent years, violence incidents reaching to the murder of women has aggravated the size of traumas in social life even more. At the written and oral press, the news and the way of their presentation explicitly reflect the most important indispensable element of human rights, namely the right of life to be taken away from women, especially in social life. Violence and killing incidents against women are indicators of how both genders are reflected on life as a consequence of gender perception and they indicate the meaning of the social life style and order in terms of men and women. In this study, which aims to evaluate the news of femicide in the way they are reflected in the written press in Turkey and the United States, especially the way in which news on femicide events was given has been evaluated. For this purpose, in the newspapers of both countries, traces of a gendered perspective were searched by discourse analysis technique. In this way, two countries were compared and solutions were offered to the problems of women in the media. In this context, two similar events and e-newspapers from both countries were tried to be selected and resolved. This analysis takes into account similarities in the manner in which these murders were committed and in the presentation of news, such as the choice of e-newspapers.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBir kimsenin bir başka kişiyi bilerek ya da isteyerek öldürmesi anlamına gelen cinayet ağır bir eylemdir. Bu suçun cezası müebbet hapis ya da idamdır. Cinayetin pek çok sebebi olmakla birlikte erkek ya da kadını bu edimi yapmaya iten temel sebep o cinayetin gerekçesidir. Cinayet işleme eğilimindeki kişi başta kendi güvenliğini düşünerek, kendisinden daha güçsüz ve zayıf olana yönelebilmektedir. İnsanın doğasında olan bu şiddet dürtüsü güçlünün güçsüzü ezmesi yönünde eğilim göstermektedir. Son yıllarda kadına yönelik şiddet olayları kadın cinayetlerine kadar dayanarak toplumsal yaşamda travmaların boyutunu daha da ağırlaştırmıştır. Yazılı ve sözlü basında yer alan bu haberler ve veriliş biçimleri insan haklarının en vazgeçilmez öğesi olan yaşam hakkının kadının elinden alınmasının özellikle toplumsal yaşamda yansımalarını açık biçimde sergilemektedir. Kadına yönelik şiddet ve öldürme olayları gerek toplumsal yaşam biçimi ve düzeninin erkek ve kadın açısından anlamını belirtmesi, gerekse her iki cinsin toplumsal cinsiyet algısının bir sonucu olarak yaşama nasıl yansıdığının göstergesidir. Kadın cinayeti haberlerinin Türkiye ve Amerika’da yani iki farklı toplumda yazılı basına yansıdığı biçimiyle değerlendirmesine yönelik olan bu çalışmada özellikle kadın cinayeti haberlerinin veriliş biçimi değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla çalışmada her iki ülkenin gazetelerinde söylem çözümlemesi tekniğiyle cinsiyetçi bakış açısının izleri aranmış, bu yolla iki ülke karşılaştırılmış ve medyada kadın sorununa çözümler sunulmaya gayret edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda her iki ülkeden iki benzer olay ve e-gazete seçilip çözümlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çözümlemede e-gazetelerin seçimi gibi bu cinayetin işleniş biçimi ve haberlerinin verilişlerindeki benzerlikler dikkate alınmıştır

Epuraea imperialis (Reitter, 1877). New invasive species of Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) in Europe, with a checklist of sap beetles introduced to Europe and Mediterranean areas

Australian species Epuraea imperialis (Reitter, 1877), previously introduced to New Zealand, is recorded as a new invasive species from the Canary Islands, Continental Spain, Portugal, France, Belgium, and Italy. It is redescribed and figured, and its taxonomic position in the genus Epuraea Erichson, 1843 is discussed. A tentative checklist of sap beetles introduced to Europe and the Mediterranean areas is finally included

TWO WOMEN, WHO HAVE NEVER LIVED AND WHO WILL LIVE FOREVER: EMMA AND SENİHA / HİÇ YAŞAMAMIŞ HEP YAŞAYACAK İKİ KADIN: EMMA VE SENİHA

In this study, two novels, Madam Bovary, which Gustave Flaubert, one of the prominent authors, published in 1857, and Kiralık Konak by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu from the Turkish literature have been analyzed especially in terms of their main female characters. The main similarities of these novels seem to be their themes, their attitudes towards the political and social issues, and the fact that they put forward the criticism towards those periods. In terms of the narrative elements of the novels, Madam Bovary’s Emma and Kiralık Konak’s Seniha, the main female characters of the novels, are also the central characters, who direct the plotline to a considerable extent. In both novels, time and space are completely made to make sense in terms of these female characters. It is also obvious that their personal traits have become dominant factors in reflecting the themes. In this study, we will try to analyze these novels, focusing on these main female characters. It will be noticed that these two women, who are made to resemble each other in terms of their similar tendencies, their passions and desires are, in fact, unique and different because of their distinctive feature