VIOLENCE, JUSTICE, AND ALIENATION IN EDWARD BOND'S PLAY SAVED

Purpose: The current study tries to explore the concept of violence; Justice and alienation in Edward Bond's play Saved. Saved is one of his plays to address the problem of social justice, violence and alienation in the modern world. It also seeks to show the causes which lead to violence and injustice in society. Then it goes to analyze the symbiotic relationship between the human imagination and reason in creating ideologies that affect the society and produce alienation, justice and violence. Methodology:  Violence, justice and alienation are prominent phenomena enormously discussed today. Many thinkers have tried to talk about these concepts, but this research has dealt with examining these concepts in the thought of Edward Bond. In this context, data have been collected by using library and documentary method. First, violence, justice and alienation are discussed. Bond a social theorist discusses that a healthy man is a man that connects with the world by love rather than violence, but the aliened man turns toward domination, submission, destruction or combination. Bond discusses that the root of alienation, justice and violence are found in capitalist society and are released through socially. Results: Bond's life has witnessed the events of the Second World War and he has seen the destruction of the cities and the suffering of the people. He is highly aware of the miserable situation in which people lived. He could agitate the audience against the government by the violence shown in his plays. Bond deals with investigating the characteristics of a healthy society. Regarding the approach, he discussed that people having not the desired characteristics will be considered as aliened men. The man who does not have health symptoms would be alienated.   Implications: Since people engage in the inauthentic world, subjugated to oppression, live in the misery of universe, succumb to the disasters of everyday life and lack of rights, Playwrights can show and expose in their plays the suffering and suppression that individuals are subjected to. Writers and thinkers can guide people to authentic life and obvious truth of being through their lucid and objective language

Antoinette the outsider: the representation of hybridity and mimicry in Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea

This essay sets out to study the function of hybridity and mimicry in Jean Rhy's acclaimed novel Wide Sargasso Sea drawing on Homi K. Bhabha's theoretical framework in this regard. In this novel, Antoinette emerges as the "Other" who aims to prove herself to the "Centre". Undergoing extreme sufferings, the heroine wistfully ponders mimicry as an impulse to break out of her mare's nest and to establish herself within one culture. Indeed, unlike what Bhabha believes mimicry cannot upset the total authority of the "Centre". Meanwhile, Antoinette used it as a result of her longings for the position of the "Centre" which she is unable to attain because of her hybrid existence. Countering Homi K. Bhabha's central argument, this essay contends that Antoinette’s mimicry of Englishness fails to fend off the norms of the superior power, but partakes in celebrating the very ideals that Bhabah's theory is trying to keep at bay

Grotesque violence and humor in Gerald Vizenor's bearheart: the heirship chronicle

Gerald Vizenor seeks to challenge static definitions of Native American identity in his early novel Bearheart. To this end, he fills the novel with grotesquely violent and humorous scenes which give the work a seemingly perverse appearance. The normalized violence and the grotesque humor throughout the novel, however, disrupt socially normalized concepts and thwart the reader’s notion of normality which is a reminiscent of “realism” as a traditional mode of narrativization. Violence theories of scholars like Schinkel, Arendt, and Benjamin together with humor theories of Morreall, Cohen, and Carroll are drawn upon in order to clarify the interconnected mechanism of humor, grotesquery, and violence in producing tribulations in the narrative line of Bearheart. This aesthetic strategy, which is aligned with a dexterous manipulation of focalization, is used throughout the novel to break the unquestioned authority of masternarratives and also to help the already marginalized Native Americans’ voices produce their own narratives of identity.Gerald Vizenor busca desafiar las definiciones asentadas sobre la identidad de los Nativos Americanos en una de sus primeras novelas, Bearheart. Con este fin, su novela está llena de escenas grotescamente violentas y humorísticas que le dan a la obra una apariencia perversa. Tanto esta violencia normalizada como este humor grotesco a lo largo de la novela, sin embargo, alteran los conceptos normalizados e impiden la noción de normalidad del lector, reminiscencia del realismo como modo tradicional de narración. Se recurre a los estudios sobre la violencia como los de Schinkel, Arendt, y Benjamin y a los teóricos del humor Morreall, Cohen y Carroll para clarificar el mecanismo de las interconexiones del humor, de lo grotesco y de la violencia que producen tribulaciones en la línea de la narrativa de Bearheart. La estrategia estética, junto con una hábil manipulación de la focalización, se usa a lo largo de la novela para romper la autoridad incuestionable de las metanarrativas y así ayudar a los Nativos Americanos, cuyas voces han sido marginalizadas, a que produzcan sus propias narrativas con respecto a su identidad

Gollum from Medieval Tragedy to Liberal Tragedy in J. R. R. Tolkien’s \u3ci\u3eThe Lord of the Rings\u3c/i\u3e

J.R.R. Tolkien’s legendarium represents different archetypal myths that constitute a diverse treasury of literary genres. Tragedy in variegated forms also appears in many of his mythological tales and characters. Gollum in The Lord of the Rings experiences a unique instance of tragedy when it is compared with Tolkien’s earlier sketches of the genre. We demonstrate that the character Gollum sustains a twofold type of tragedy that originates from Tolkien’s perception of medieval and modern spirits of thought. Raymond Williams in Modern Tragedy draws upon historical traditions of tragedy to survey different characteristics of “modern tragedy”. According to him, the cornerstones through which modern tragedy, and in particular liberal tragedy, digresses from prior traditions are as follows: “order and accident”, “the destruction of hero,” “the irreparable action,” and “the emphasis of evil”. Williams also describes the medieval tragedy in view of the “feudal rank” and “the wheel of Fortune”. This paper argues that Gollum’s tragic experience reverberates with both liberal and medieval definitions of tragedy. To this end, the elements of the two traditions are scrutinized with respect to the character’s actions and mental status

Political narrative fiction and the responsibility of the author

Art in general and fiction in particular have had close affinities with politics throughout history. When there is a close tie between a narrative fiction and political issues then critics may deem it as "committed fiction". Political fiction is at the crossroads of political science and the art of fiction. And more often than not, novelists are involved with politics but not all of them are dubbed as or even consider themselves to be political novelists. In this article I attempt to investigate political fiction as a distinct genre produced (un)consciously by a range of (politically committed) novelists and critics. The authors discussed in this paper demonstrate dissimilar perspectives on freedom and democracy. Also, regarding political fiction and the responsibility of author, we will see how divergent is the attitudes of critics such as George Orwell, Allen Robbe-Grillet, Juan Goytisolo, Mario Vargas Llosa and Isabel Allende

AESTHETICS OF OPPOSITION: THE POLITICS OF METAMORPHOSIS IN GERALD VIZENOR’S BEARHEART

The Chippewa novelist Gerald Vizenor puts across his interconnected politico-philosophical notions of “survivance” and “terminal creeds” in his early novel, Bearheart. To do so, Vizenor implemented some of the aesthetic strategies of magical realism. He filled his novel with an excessive amount of bizarrely sexual and violent scenes—which turn out to be magical—in order to “upset” the established standards of normality. Moreover, he used American Indian mythic folktales of transformation and metamorphosis, a magical realist technique, to re-shape the cultural and tribal identity in Bearheart’s modernized context

FOUCAULDIAN INFLUENCE ON THE LITERARY MOVEMENTS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Purpose: This research paper is an attempt to investigate Foucault's concepts of power relations and knowledge and their impact on modern society. The study will explain Foucault's influence on the Historical movement and Cultural materialism. By Focusing on Foucauldian reading of Power and knowledge, Historical movement and Cultural materialism were able to conceive the historical events and their role to generate a mature society. Methodology:  Power relations and knowledge are prevalent concepts of Foucault vastly argued today. These two concepts have been examined by many critics from different views, but this paper tries to study power relations and knowledge from Foucault's view. These two concepts are closely related to Historical and Cultural materialism movements and they have a huge impact on them. In this context, data have been collected by using the library and documentary method. Findings: Foucault's period exposed a lot of events. Foucault in a certain period his writings and researches were responses to Althusser's ideological ideas. Foucault's researches have a vast impact on other thinkers in which many types of theses researches in contemporary age deal with issues that Foucault involves in his works. He has dealt with social, political and economic issues. This study helps us to find solutions for many issues at present. Foucault has focused on the significance of the past and relate to the present. For him, without the past, we cannot understand the present. Therefore, the new historicists were admired and inspired by him because they have been focused on the importance of the past to create the present. Implications: Foucault has criticized the dictatorship governments that tried to separate the past from the present. Individuals were oppressed and subjected to the dominant policies of the tyrant governments but Foucault as critic and theorist through his writings could relate the past to the present and how positively affect the society. He can affect and lead individuals to the safe side by resisting the tyrant apparatuses running by the governments. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study has explored the Foucauldian concepts of power and Knowledge and its influence on society. It will enable the reader to have ample knowledge of how Foucault was able to create an active society that can revolt against oppression and domination. This study will help grant the readers a wide variety of knowledge of such society and how they can demand their rights

A Farewell to Arms: The Clash of Love and Religion in the Character of the Priest

Abstract: Investigating the interconnection between love and religion in Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, in this article, the authors explore the conflictual nature of these concepts in the character of the priest. Harold Bloom cursorily remarks that the religious character of the novel, the priest, conveys the definition of love which is in contrast to lust and passion and Lieutenant Henry is greatly influenced by the priest. Here, however, we try to emphasize the conflicting sense of love in the character of the priest and maintain that the priest ambivalently waves aside Henry’s sensual love for Catherine and exerts himself to lead them towards a consecrated love. The priest, implicitly, scorns the sensual love between Henry and Catherine and allusively ignores Henry’s sensual love and redirects him into developing a religiously inspired love in his heart

Silt pit efficiency in conserving soil water as simulated by HYDRUS 2D model

Silt pit is one of the recommended soil water conservation practices in oil palm plantations. It is commonly regarded that the larger and deeper the silt pit, the more effective the pit would be to conserve soil water. This hypothesis was tested in this paper, where the effectiveness of four silt pit dimensions on conserving soil water in the oil palm active rooting zone was simulated using the HYDRUS 2D model. These silt pits had different sizes and total wet wall-to-floor area ratio (W:F): H1 silt pit (1x1x1 m of width, length, and depth, respectively, and W:F ratio of 4.0), H2 (1.5x1x1 and W:F of 2.5), H3 (2x1x0.5 and W:F of 1.5) and H4 (2×1×2 and W:F of 1.5). Simulations showed that silt pits with larger W:F ratios could store water for longer periods and feed water to a farther horizontal distance within the soil compared to silt pits with smaller W:F ratios. H1 took the longest to dry out, whereby it took 14 to 19 hours longer to dry out compared to than H2, H3 and H4. H1 and H3 could feed water as far as 80 cm away from the pit more than H2 and H4 (60 and 50 cm, respectively). This is because silt pits with larger W:F ratios had larger horizontal water flow than the vertical water flow. Meanwhile, the depth of a silt pit should not be below the oil palm active rooting depth, which water would flow out of reach by the roots. This study is a preliminary work to a field experiment where simulations from this paper would be validated against measurements obtained in the field before recommending the use of silt pits and their size to be constructed in oil palm plantations

Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis, 1990–2020 and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis in adults, characterised by chronic pain and loss of mobility. Osteoarthritis most frequently occurs after age 40 years and prevalence increases steeply with age. WHO has designated 2021–30 the decade of healthy ageing, which highlights the need to address diseases such as osteoarthritis, which strongly affect functional ability and quality of life. Osteoarthritis can coexist with, and negatively effect, other chronic conditions. Here we estimate the burden of hand, hip, knee, and other sites of osteoarthritis across geographies, age, sex, and time, with forecasts of prevalence to 2050. Methods In this systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study, osteoarthritis prevalence in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020 was estimated using data from population-based surveys from 26 countries for knee osteoarthritis, 23 countries for hip osteoarthritis, 42 countries for hand osteoarthritis, and US insurance claims for all of the osteoarthritis sites, including the other types of osteoarthritis category. The reference case definition was symptomatic, radiographically confirmed osteoarthritis. Studies using alternative definitions from the reference case definition (for example self-reported osteoarthritis) were adjusted to reference using regression models. Osteoarthritis severity distribution was obtained from a pooled meta-analysis of sources using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index. Final prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights to calculate years lived with disability (YLDs). Prevalence was forecast to 2050 using a mixed-effects model. Findings Globally, 595 million (95% uncertainty interval 535–656) people had osteoarthritis in 2020, equal to 7·6% (95% UI 6·8–8·4) of the global population, and an increase of 132·2% (130·3–134·1) in total cases since 1990. Compared with 2020, cases of osteoarthritis are projected to increase 74·9% (59·4–89·9) for knee, 48·6% (35·9–67·1) for hand, 78·6% (57·7–105·3) for hip, and 95·1% (68·1–135·0) for other types of osteoarthritis by 2050. The global age-standardised rate of YLDs for total osteoarthritis was 255·0 YLDs (119·7–557·2) per 100 000 in 2020, a 9·5% (8·6–10·1) increase from 1990 (233·0 YLDs per 100 000, 109·3–510·8). For adults aged 70 years and older, osteoarthritis was the seventh ranked cause of YLDs. Age-standardised prevalence in 2020 was more than 5·5% in all world regions, ranging from 5677·4 (5029·8–6318·1) per 100 000 in southeast Asia to 8632·7 (7852·0–9469·1) per 100 000 in high-income Asia Pacific. Knee was the most common site for osteoarthritis. High BMI contributed to 20·4% (95% UI –1·7 to 36·6) of osteoarthritis. Potentially modifiable risk factors for osteoarthritis such as recreational injury prevention and occupational hazards have not yet been explored in GBD modelling. Interpretation Age-standardised YLDs attributable to osteoarthritis are continuing to rise and will lead to substantial increases in case numbers because of population growth and ageing, and because there is no effective cure for osteoarthritis. The demand on health systems for care of patients with osteoarthritis, including joint replacements, which are highly effective for late stage osteoarthritis in hips and knees, will rise in all regions, but might be out of reach and lead to further health inequity for individuals and countries unable to afford them. Much more can and should be done to prevent people getting to that late stage