Factors Affecting Quality of Sleep in Intensive Care Unit

Background: The etiology of sleep disruption in intensive care unit is poorly known and often ignored complication. It is caused by the environmental factors especially pain, noise, diagnostic testing and human interventions that cause sleep disruption. Light, medications and activities related to patient care interfere with patient's ability to have good sleep. There are multi-factorial environmental etiologies for disruption of sleep in ICU. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors disturbing the sleep quality in intensive care unit (ICU) admitted patients. Methodology: A cross sectional study was designed involving 150 patients admitted in intensive care unit and high dependency unit of Gulab Devi Chest Hospital. The duration of study was from September 2015 to March 2016. The questionnaire was made and filled with the help of patients. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.00. Results: Mean age of patients was 50.46+10.96 with maximum age of 65 and minimum age of 30 years. There was 53.33% male patients and 46.67% females participating in this study. The sleep quality was significantly poor in ICU than at home. After analysis, 54.67% patients were with poor quality of sleep due to pain and 48.67% were due to noise of environmental stimuli. The other factors were alarms, light and loud talking. Conclusion: Current study shows that reduced sleep quality is a common problem in ICU with multi-factorial etiologies. Patient reported the poor sleep quality in ICU due to environmental issues that are potentially modifiable. Conclusion: Current study shows that reduced sleep quality is a common problem in ICU with multi-factorial etiologies. Patient reported the poor sleep quality in ICU due to environmental issues that are potentially modifiable

One Pot Synthesis and Characterization of Mono and Di-Substituted Azo-Containing Amides

Azo-containing amides and their derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of 4-(phenyldiazenyl)aniline with different substituted benzoyl chlorides. The characterization of these synthesized compounds were based on their IR, 1H NMR spectra and elemental analysis with excellent yields

Risk Factors of Diarrhoea in Malnourished Children Under Age of 5 Years

Background: Acute infectious enteritis remains one of the commonest causes of death among infants and children in developing countries. Acute enteritis is defined as a loss of stool consistency with pasty or liquid stools, and/or an increase in stool frequency to more than three stools in 24 hours with or without fever or vomiting. Human survival depends on the secretion and reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes in the intestinal tract. The objective of the study is to evaluate the risk factors of diarrhoea in children under age of 5 years. Methodology: It was an observational study. Study was completed in about six months. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. In this study, 270 samples were taken from Diarrheal ward of The Children Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Results: In this study, out of 270 patients, 58.52% were males and 41.48% were females. 90.37% patients were vaccinated. 54.81% had weaning history. 91.85% patients had feeding history. 29.26% had blood in stool. 96.67% patients were dehydrated. 95.56% patients had loose watery diarrhoea. 62.96% patients used boiled water. 58.52% patients consumed less than half litre of water, 30.00% patients consumed 1 litre of water and 11.48% patients consumed > 1 litre of water. 49.18% patients had proper hygiene. 38.15% mothers of patients were well educated. 40.37% patients had model household condition. 57.41% patients lived in rural area and 42.59% patients lived in urban area. Conclusion: The variation in the level of diarrheal morbidity was well explained by maternal education, income, personal hygiene, refuse disposal system and the effect of health extension programme

Dichromacy: Color Vision Impairment and Consanguinity in Heterogenous Population of Pakistan

Background and Objectives: Dichromacy, an X-linked recessive disorder is identified worldwide, more in males than females. In European Caucasians, its incidence is 8% in males and 0.5% in females. In India, it is 8.73% in males and 1.69% in females, and in Iran, it is 8.18% in males and 0.43% in females. Population based epidemiological data about dichromacy in different ethnic groups in Pakistan is not available. The aim of this study was to find out the population prevalence of inherited red-green dichromacy in a heterogenous population of the district of Chiniot, Punjab, Pakistan, and to determine the impact of consanguinity and ethnicity. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, boys and girls of the higher secondary schools were examined in the three tehsils of district Chiniot. Pseudoisochromatic Ishihara Test has been employed for detection of dichromacy in the study population. The sample size was calculated statistically as 260, which was expanded to 705 and divided by population density of the three tehsils. Results: Screening of 359 males and 346 females revealed 19 (5.29%) dichromat males and only 2 (0.58%) females. The study population belonged to 23 castes / isonym groups. The consanguinity found in the district of Chiniot is 84.82% and in the dichromat families, it is 85.71%, of which 52.37% are first cousin. Interpretation & Conclusion: The study has shown that the incidence of dichromacy could be reduced through genetic counselin

Frequency of Clinical Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Asthmatic Patients

Background: Gastroesophageal reflex is known as an acid reflex, is long term condition where stomach contents back into the oesophagus resulting in either symptoms or complications. GERD disease is caused by weakness or failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter. Symptoms include the acidic taste behind the mouth, heart burn, chest pain, difficult breathing and vomiting. Complication includes esophagitis, oesophageal strictures and barrettes oesophagus. Objective: The aim of this research was to introduce the symptoms of GERD disease in asthmatic patients and how these symptoms worsen the symptoms of asthma disease and what clinical pictures present with the asthmatic disease. Methodology: A designed performa was used to collect the data and after filling the performa, results were drawn and conclusion through the facts and the information given by patients. Results: In the present study among all 164 asthmatic patients, 70 (42.7%) patients showed dyspepsia, 58 (35.4%) were with chest burning, 23 (14%) were asking about chest pain, with acidic mouth taste were 39 (23.8%), 22 (13.4%) were feeling sore throat and 44 (26.8%) showed regurgitation reflex. Among these 164 patients 16 (9.8%) were smokers and 148 (90.2 %) were non-smokers. 47 (28.7%) were males and 117 (71.3%) were females. Conclusion: It is concluded that gastroesophageal reflux disease in asthmatic patients present symptoms of acidic mouth taste, chest burning, chest pain, dyspepsia, regurgitation reflex and sore throat

Three dimensional point cloud compression and decompression using polynomials of degree one

© 2019 by the authors. The availability of cheap depth range sensors has increased the use of an enormous amount of 3D information in hand-held and head-mounted devices. This has directed a large research community to optimize point cloud storage requirements by preserving the original structure of data with an acceptable attenuation rate. Point cloud compression algorithms were developed to occupy less storage space by focusing on features such as color, texture, and geometric information. In this work, we propose a novel lossy point cloud compression and decompression algorithm that optimizes storage space requirements by preserving geometric information of the scene. Segmentation is performed by using a region growing segmentation algorithm. The points under the boundary of the surfaces are discarded that can be recovered through the polynomial equations of degree one in the decompression phase. We have compared the proposed technique with existing techniques using publicly available datasets for indoor architectural scenes. The results show that the proposed novel technique outperformed all the techniques for compression rate and RMSE within an acceptable time scale

4-[(E)-Phenyl­imino­meth­yl]benzonitrile

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C14H10N2, the two aromatic rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 32.22 (6)°. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into centrosymmetric R 2 2(10) dimers. A weak π–π inter­action between the cyanobenzene rings, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.8447 (3) Å, further stabilizes the crystal structure. There is also a C—H⋯π inter­action between the aniline ring and a CH group of the cyanobenzene ring

3-(4-Methoxy­phen­yl)isochroman-1-one

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C16H14O3, the aromatic rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 72.02 (6)°. The heterocyclic ring adopts a twisted conformation. In the crystal structure, there are C—H⋯π contacts between the heterocyclic and phenyl rings, and between the methyl group and methoxy­phenyl ring

GENITOFEMORAL NERVE BLOCK AND INTRAOPERATIVE ANALGESIA IN CHILDREN DURING INGUINAL HERNIA REPAIR

ABSTRACT Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blocks has been widely used in children undergoing inguinal herniorraphy. This technique may provide insufficient intraoperative analgesia as the inguinal region may receive innervation from genitofemoral nerve. We proposed that the addition of genitofemoral nerve block might improve the quality of analgesia. The objective was to find the efficacy of genitofemoral nerve block in addition to ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block for better intraoperative pain management in children under going inguinal hernia repair under general anaesthesia. After informed consent, 100 children of 1-10 yrs of age and ASA I or II status undergoing inguinal hernia repair were selected and divided in group I and II of 50 patients each. After induction of general anaesthesia, Group I patients received ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric block using bupivacaine 0.375% at a dose of 0.75 mg/kg, where as patients in group II were given genitofemoral in addition to ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blocks using bupivacaine 0.375% at a dose of 0.375 mg/kg at each site. Changes in heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures were recorded before the start of surgery, at skin incision, at sac traction and at the end of surgery as a measure of efficacy of the block. Haemodynamic data was analysed using repeated measures ANOVA. The two groups showed increase in (Heart Rate) but the increase was lesser in group II at sac traction (p<0.05). In group I all patients had an increase in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure at sac traction while the patients in group II showed no change during the study period (p<0.05). We conclude that the addition of a genitofemoral nerve block to ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blocks may contribute to haemodynamic stability during sac traction indicating better pain relief