Factors Affecting Quality of Sleep in Intensive Care Unit

Background: The etiology of sleep disruption in intensive care unit is poorly known and often ignored complication. It is caused by the environmental factors especially pain, noise, diagnostic testing and human interventions that cause sleep disruption. Light, medications and activities related to patient care interfere with patient's ability to have good sleep. There are multi-factorial environmental etiologies for disruption of sleep in ICU. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors disturbing the sleep quality in intensive care unit (ICU) admitted patients. Methodology: A cross sectional study was designed involving 150 patients admitted in intensive care unit and high dependency unit of Gulab Devi Chest Hospital. The duration of study was from September 2015 to March 2016. The questionnaire was made and filled with the help of patients. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.00. Results: Mean age of patients was 50.46+10.96 with maximum age of 65 and minimum age of 30 years. There was 53.33% male patients and 46.67% females participating in this study. The sleep quality was significantly poor in ICU than at home. After analysis, 54.67% patients were with poor quality of sleep due to pain and 48.67% were due to noise of environmental stimuli. The other factors were alarms, light and loud talking. Conclusion: Current study shows that reduced sleep quality is a common problem in ICU with multi-factorial etiologies. Patient reported the poor sleep quality in ICU due to environmental issues that are potentially modifiable. Conclusion: Current study shows that reduced sleep quality is a common problem in ICU with multi-factorial etiologies. Patient reported the poor sleep quality in ICU due to environmental issues that are potentially modifiable

Treatment of a System with Explicitly Broken Gauge Symmetries

A system in which the free part of the action possesses a gauge symmetry that is not respected by the interacting part presents problems when quantized. We illustrate how the Dirac constraint formalism can be used to address this difficulty by considering an antisymmetric tensor field interacting with a spinor field.Comment: 10 pages, LaTeX2e, typos correcte

PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG TULANG IKAN BANDENG (CHANOS CHANOS) SEBAGAI SUMBER KALSIUM DAN FOSFOR PEMBUATAN DONAT PANGGANG

Tulang ikan merupakan salah satu bentuk limbah dari pengolahan ikan. Tepung tulang ikan bandeng memiliki kandungan kalsium dan fosfor yang tinggi dan dapat menjadi sumber alternatif untuk pemenuhan kalsium dan fosfor dalam tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat penerimaan konsumen terhadap donat dengan penambahan tepung tulang ikan bandeng dan pengaruh suhu pemanggangan donat, serta menjadi sumber alternatif pemenuhan kalsium dan fosfor dalam tubuh. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial yang terdiri atas 2 (dua) faktor. Faktor yang pertama adalah penambahan tepung tulang ikan bandeng dalam adonan kue donat (T) dengan 3 taraf yaitu T1 = 5%, T2 = 7,5%, dan T3 = 10% dari berat tepung terigu. Faktor kedua adalah suhu pemanggangan (S) yang terdiri dari 2 taraf yaitu S1 = 170oC, dan S2 = 180oC. Setiap perlakuan diulang 3 (tiga) kali sehingga diperoleh 18 satuan percobaan. Randemen tepung tulang ikan bandeng yang diperoleh dari proses penepungan yaitu 57,1% dengan nilai kadar kalsium sebesar 5,24% dan fosfor 2,36%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa donat panggang dengan penambahan tepung tulang ikan bandeng sebanyak 5% dan suhu pemanggangan 170oC lebih disukai dari semua perlakuan. Nilai terhadap kadar air yaitu sebesar 17,37%, kadar protein 40,43%, kadar abu 8,39%, kadar lemak 0,03%, kadar kalsium 0,31%, dan kadar fosfor 0,22%. Nilai rata-rata organoleptik terhadap warna yaitu 3,80 (suka), rasa 3,11 (netral), aroma 2,63 (netral), dan tekstur 3,29 (netral)

Interference and Deployment Issues for Cognitive Radio Systems in Shadowing Environments

In this paper we describe a model for calculating the aggregate interference encountered by primary receivers in the presence of randomly placed cognitive radios (CRs). We show that incorporating the impact of distance attenuation and lognormal fading on each constituent interferer in the aggregate, leads to a composite interference that cannot be satisfactorily modeled by a lognormal. Using the interference statistics we determine a number of key parameters needed for the deployment of CRs. Examples of these are the exclusion zone radius, needed to protect the primary receiver under different types of fading environments and acceptable interference levels, and the numbers of CRs that can be deployed. We further show that if the CRs have apriori knowledge of the radio environment map (REM), then a much larger number of CRs can be deployed especially in a high density environment. Given REM information, we also look at the CR numbers achieved by two different types of techniques to process the scheduling information.Comment: to be presented at IEEE ICC 2009. This posting is the same as the original one. Only author's list is updated that was unfortunately not correctly mentioned in first versio

Pengaruh Struktur Audit, Konflik Peran, dan Ketidakjelasan Peran terhadap Kinerja Auditor

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan memperoleh bukti empiris mengenaipengaruh struktur audit, konflik peran, dan ketidakjelasan peran terhadap kinerjaauditor.Penelitian ini dilakukan di Jawa Timur dengan responden auditor yang bekerjapada Kantor Akuntan Publik Jawa Timur sesuai dengan Directory KantorAkuntan Publik yang dikeluarkan oleh IAI. Pengambilan sample dilakukandengan tehnik proportionate stratified random sampling yang didasarkan padadua strata yaitu partner dan staf audit. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengankuesioner yang disampaikan secara langsung dan sebagian melalui surat (mailsurvey). Jumlah kuesioner yang disebarkan adalah 120 eksemplar namun hanya49 kusioner yang kembali. Analisis data untuk penguji hipotesis dilakukan denganregresi berganda.Hasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur audit dan konflik peranberpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kinerja auditor, namun ketidakjelasanperan tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kinerja auditor.Kata Kunci : Struktur audit, konflik peran, ketidakjelasan peran, kinerjaauditor

Evaluasi terhadap Sekolah Khusus Olahragawan Smp/sma Ragunan Jakarta

An Evaluation of Special Schools for Athletes (SMP/SMA Ragunan Jakarta). This evaluation study aims to obtain information about the implementation of the training program by the special schools for athletes (SMP/SMA Ragu- nan), academic and sports achievements, recruitment, motivation, social system, communication, information, and services for the students. The sample consisted of 121 students, specially recruited by the Ministry of Youths and Sports, and 16 coaches/assistants randomly selected. The data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and documents, and were analyzed using the descriptive technique. The results show that the school is still needed in accordance with the needs for the sports development in the country, it has not possessed a clear institutional management system, and it is necessary to make new agreements in the form of MOU to regulate the school management by involving relevant institutions