TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND USE OF ENGLISH HEDGES IN CLASSROOM FOR DEVELOPING EFL LEARNERS’ PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE

English hedges are common in native speakers’ communication, without hedges speakers may be perceived as unnatural or too direct. It has been thought that teacher talk is a means which can facilitate EFL learners’ awareness and use of English hedges. The questionnaire was used to investigate teachers’ perceptions of hedges and the significance of hedging in classroom instruction for developing learners’ pragmatic competence. The findings of the current study show that teachers have positive perceptions of the facilitative roles and pragmatic functions of English hedges. They believe  the significance of hedging in classroom instruction; however, they think that it is difficult to develop students’ pragmatic competence via teacher talk because there is a lack of context in classroom for hedging and whether or not teachers hedge in instructional language depends on teaching content and students’ proficiency level.   Article visualizations

한국에 베트남 결혼 이주 여성 레짐: 정부, 중개업자, 이주여성의 역할의 진화

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사회과학대학 지리학과,2019. 8. Shin, HaeRan.The research analyses the regime of Vietnamese women who have got married to Korean men and migrated to South Korea. The regime includes two Governments, marriage brokers and migrants. The regime started as two Governments policies (either intentionally or unintentionally) came to be interwoven and created such a friendly environment for international marriage between two countries citizen. At the same time, marriage brokers and marriage migrant women themselves make the best use of this policy-interaction and complete the marriage regime. The regime concept has been applied quite a lot in migration studies which focused on surrounding actors influencing on migrants but at the same time also take the agency of migrants as the main actor in their migrating decision. Even though many previous studies have been employing the regime concept, they were mainly focusing on migrants in general and worker migrants. Marriage migrants has been considered as individual action. Among main streams of marriage migration in the world, there is one stream which is marriage migration between Vietnamese women and Korean men. Dozens of previous studies have been researching on this topic as it was always in public and academics attention for more than a decade. Many of them focused on migration motivation, economic and social impacts of out-migration back to the natal families and society, as well as marriage migrants adaptation in the maternal society; however, they looked at the role of each actor individually in marriage migration. This research observes collaboration among actors in the whole picture of marriage migration between Vietnamese women and Korean men. The research asks the following questions: (1) How did the cooperation in policy regulations form the marriage migration regime? (2) How have migrants and brokers made use of this cooperation and develop the regime? To answer these questions, I carried out archival studies, policy analysis, direct participant observation and in-depth interviews. Since there is a huge number of Vietnamese marriage migrant women in South Korea, I was able to contact the interview pool in which marriage women had arrived at South Korea in different time to make the findings have the most overview look. At the same time, meeting potential marriage candidates in Vietnam helps to complete the whole picture over time. Based on the fieldwork, I argue that two Governments play the important role, either intentionally or unintentionally, in creating the environment for marriage migration develop. Reacting to that environment, brokers and marriage migrant themselves make the best use of this cooperation and complete the marriage migration regime. In the end, it is found that brokers play the huge important in not only matching couples and documents procedures. At the same time, marriage migrant women are improving their independency and confidence in their decision-making.본 연구는 한국의 베트남 결혼 이주 여성 레짐(regime)에 대한 연구이다. 결혼 이주 레짐은 정부, 중개업자와 결혼이주여성을 포함한다. 의도적이든 의도적이지 않든, 양국 정부의 국제 결혼에 대한 정책이 친근한 환경을 조성하며 결혼 이주 레짐의 기반을 닦아왔다. 동시에, 이를 기반으로 하여 결혼 이민자와 결혼 중개업자가 정책 협력을 파악하고 활용해서 결혼 이주 레짐을 완성한다. 그 결과, 베트남 – 한국 국제 결혼이 정부와 중개업자, 그리고 이주여성의 초국가적 협력관계를 만들게 된다. 레짐 개념은 이주 연구에서 많이 사용되어 왔는데, 주로 이주자에 영향을 미치는 주변 행위자를 연구해 왔으며 동시에 이주 결정 과정에서 이주자의 행위주체성(agency)을 주요 행위자로 간주하기도 했다. 비록 많은 이주 연구가 레짐 개념을 적용하고 있었지만, 대부분은 이주자와 이주 노동자에 초점을 맞추어 왔다. 즉, 결혼 이주자는 개별적인 행동을 취하는 것으로 간주된 것이다. 세계에서 결혼 이주의 주요 흐름 가운데 하나는 베트남 여성과 한국 남성의 결혼이었다. 많은 학자들이 베트남 – 한국 국제 결혼을 연구해 왔다. 이들은 주로 이주의 동기와, 베트남 가정과 베트남 사회의 경제적-사회적 이주의 영향, 그리고 한국 사회에서 그들의 적응력에 초점을 맞췄다. 선행 연구가 결혼 이주의 요인과 문제에 대해 다루었기에 본 연구는 결혼 이주와 관련된 협력을 관찰할 것이다. 이 연구의 질문은 다음과 같다: (1) 정책 규제의 협력이 결혼 이주 레짐을 어떻게 형성했는가? (2) 이주자와 중개업자들은 어떻게 이런 협력을 이용했고 레짐을 발전시켰는가? 위 질문에 답하기 위해 아카이브 연구, 정책 분석, 참여 관찰 및 심층 인터뷰를 수행했다. 한국에 거주하는 베트남인 결혼 이주 여성뿐만 아니라 베트남에서 국제 결혼을 하고자 하는 베트남 여성들을 만나고 인터뷰를 했다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 현장 조사에 근거하여, 본 연구는 결혼 이주를 위한 환경을 조성하는 데 두 개의 정부가 의도적이든 의도적이든 비의도적이든 중요한 역할을 한다고 주장한다. 그러한 환경에 대응하여 브로커와 결혼 이주자 스스로가 이러한 협력을 최대한 활용하고 결혼 이주 레짐을 완성한다. 레짐이 발전하는 과정에서 정부의 역할 뿐만 아니라 중개업자의 역할과 결혼 이주 여성의 자신감과 독립심 향상 또한 확인할 수 있었다.Abstract i Table of Contents iii LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Literature review and theoretical framework on Vietnamese marriage migrant women in South Korea 8 2.1. Previous Studies on Marriage Migration and Vietnamese Marriage Migrant Women in South Korea 8 2.2. Theoretical Framework of Marriage Migration Regime 11 Chapter 3. Case Background: Vietnamese marriage migrant women in South Korea 16 3.1. Renovation and the start of international marriage 16 3.2. International Marriage between Vietnamese women and South Korean men 18 Chapter 4. Research methods 22 4.1. Policy analysis and archival study 22 4.2. The interviews and the participants 22 4.3. Limitations of collected data 26 Chapter 5. The emergence of a regime: 27 A focus on policies 27 5.1. Vietnamese Government towards international marriage 27 5.2. The shortage of brides in South Korea and the hit of the governments 2006 Grand Plan 32 5.3. Free South Korean Broker Business and Illegal Vietnamese Brokers activities 39 5.4. Passive Marriage Migrants and Economic Motivation 41 5.5. Discussion 44 Chapter 6. The development of the regime: the becoming-formalized regime 48 6.1. Vietnamese Government started to legalize brokers activities 48 6.2. South Korea adjusted regulations 50 6.3. Formalizing South Korean brokers activities and still-out-of-control Vietnamese brokers 60 6.4. Marriage women gain their independency; New type of marriage broker – marriage migrants. 69 6.5. Discussion 77 Chapter 7. Conclusion 81 Bibliography 86 Appendix A: In-depth Interview Questions 93 Appendix B: Interviewee List 94 국문초록 95 Acknowledgements 97Maste

ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY CATEGORIES FOR THE SHORELINE FROM MUINE TO THE MOUTH OF TIEN RIVER IN RESPONSE TO OIL SPILL HAZARD

Joint Research on Environmental Science and Technology for the Eart

Factor substitution in rice production function: the case of Vietnam

Vietnamese rice production has achieved remarkable success over the last couple of decades. This is due to land and market reforms, known as ‘Doi Moi’. There were noticeable changes in policies, such as land and production systems, which were transformed from a collective to an individual contract system in the 1980s. Vietnam made progress in rice production through the legalisation of the privatisation of farm properties and a huge investment in irrigation systems. The country not only ensured its domestic demand, but also started exporting rice and gradually became the second largest exporter in the world. An estimate of the Constant Elasticity of Substitution function (CES) for Vietnam’s rice production is essential for the government to design effective policy on agricultural production. This study makes the first attempt to estimate the nested CES model for Vietnamese rice production in 2012. The paper finds that the elasticity of substitution of Vietnam’s nested CES model lies between 0.44 and 0.46. The results indicate the weak substitutability between land and the capital-labour composite in the nested CES model. This also suggests that it is impossible to take labour as the substitutable factor for land and capital

Assessment of blasted excavation inaccuracy at tunnel face and influences on tunnelling effectiveness

Blasting has been the most effective solution for tunnel excavation in hard rock. The accuracy of the blasting works is demonstrated by the similarity between the design and the actual excavation boundary. Hence, the overbreak and underbreak of the tunnel boundary are used to evaluate the tunnel excavation. Widely applied for rock tunnelling, New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) has been used for almost all highway tunnels in Vietnam. The assessment of the previous projects is essential since it provides learnt experiences and enriches the knowledge to handle the tunnelling technology. With this aim, the paper studied the case of a 500m NATM tunnel located on the N01 national highway in Central Vietnam. The practical excavation zone was examined, and the overbreak and underbreak of the tunnel boundary during the excavation by explosive was investigated. The dependences of the overbreak and underbreak on the geological and technical conditions were indicated. The tunnelling effectiveness was then assessed through the additional materials and works for the face correction activities

Assessment of blasted excavation inaccuracy at tunnel face and influences on tunnelling effectiveness

Blasting has been the most effective solution for tunnel excavation in hard rock. The accuracy of the blasting works is demonstrated by the similarity between the design and the actual excavation boundary. Hence, the overbreak and underbreak of the tunnel boundary are used to evaluate the tunnel excavation. Widely applied for rock tunnelling, New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) has been used for almost all highway tunnels in Vietnam. The assessment of the previous projects is essential since it provides learnt experiences and enriches the knowledge to handle the tunnelling technology. With this aim, the paper studied the case of a 500m NATM tunnel located on the N01 national highway in Central Vietnam. The practical excavation zone was examined, and the overbreak and underbreak of the tunnel boundary during the excavation by explosive was investigated. The dependences of the overbreak and underbreak on the geological and technical conditions were indicated. The tunnelling effectiveness was then assessed through the additional materials and works for the face correction activities

BIOSTIMULATION METHOD IN SHORELINE CLEAN-UP-AN APPROACH OF COASTAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT IN RESPONSE TO OIL-SPILL HAZARD-CASE STUDY GANH RAI GULF-VIET NAM

Joint Research on Environmental Science and Technology for the Eart

Investigation of the estrogenic activity of Pueraria candollei variety mirifica extract on rats

Background: Pueraria candollei variety mirifica (PM) has been widely used as ingredient in many rejuvenating products. In this study, we aimed to assess the estrogenic activity of PM extract grown in Vietnam.Methods: Estrogenic activity of PM extract was estimated on immature female rats by using uterotrophic method to measure the weight of the reproductive organs. Estrogenic activity of PM extract also was investigated in mature female ovariectomized rats by evaluating the vaginal cells growth, reproductive organs weight, serum estradiol concentration.Results: Our results showed that PM extract at doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg had increased the reproductive organs weight in immature rats and female ovariectomized rats. In addition, PM extract had increased the serum estradiol concentration and the vaginal cells growth by increasing the percentage of keratinocytes in female ovariectomized rats.Conclusions: Our results showed that PM extract has strong estrogenic activity in rats