Application of numerical optimization to the design of wings with specified pressure distributions

A practical procedure for the optimum design of transonic wings is demonstrated. The procedure uses an optimization program based on the method of feasible directions coupled with an aerodynamic analysis program which solves the three-dimensional potential equation for subsonic through transonic flow. Two new wings for the A-7 aircraft were designed by using the optimization procedure to achieve specified surface pressure distributions. The new wings, along with the existing A-7 wing, were tested in the Ames 11 ft transonic wind tunnel. The experimental data show that all of the performance goals were met. However, comparisons of the wind tunnel results with the theoretical predictions indicate some differences at conditions for which strong shock waves occur

Current-induced torques due to compensated antiferromagnets

We analyse the influence of current induced torques on the magnetization configuration of a ferromagnet in a circuit containing a compensated antiferromagnet. We argue that these torques are generically non-zero and support this conclusion with a microscopic NEGF calculation for a circuit containing antiferromagnetic NiMn and ferromagnetic Co layers. Because of symmetry dictated differences in the form of the current-induced torque, the phase diagram which expresses the dependence of ferromagnet configuration on current and external magnetic field differs qualitatively from its ferromagnet-only counterpart.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Studi Visual Perubahan Desain Kemasan Sosis “Bernardi” Tahun 2009-2013

Bernardi adalah merek dagang yang bergerak di bidang makanan beku, dimana sosis menjadi salah satu produk unggulan. Seiring majunya inovasi produk-produk Bernardi re-desain kemasan menjadi salah satu pilihan untuk meningkatkan minat beli konsumen. Untuk mengetahui respon re-desain kemasan pada konsumen, perlu dilakukan riset agar redesain kemasan selanjutnya dapat lebih baik. Semiotika Barthes digunakan untuk membedah elemen visual yang terkandung dalam kemasan untuk mengetahui interpretasi konsumen terhadap produk sehingga mempengaruhi minat beli konsumen

Environmental emissions and energy use from the structural steel erection process: a case study

2011 Fall.Includes bibliographical references.Over the last two decades, sustainable (or green) building has been proven effective at reducing the environmental impact of buildings in an economically efficient way. In the United States, the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) building rating system has been at the forefront of the green building movement. LEED accomplishes breadth at the expense of depth and, as a result, many facets of the construction industry are not explicitly addressed by this standard. Specifically, structural steel has been championed as an environmentally responsible building material because of its high recycled content, but only limited investigation has been done into the erection phase environmental implications of the material. To reduce the environmental impact of structural steel construction operations, practitioners must first understand which activities are the most impactful, so that improvement efforts can be properly targeted. Using life cycle assessment (LCA), this case study quantifies the energy consumption and environmental emissions resulting from the erection of the structural steel frame for a mid-sized office building on the campus of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado. Those data are then used to explore recommendations for environmentally-preferable methods of steel construction. The magnitude of total energy use and pollution emitted during the steel erection process is found to be significant, with CO2 generation totaling 342,000 kg. According to the case study, the major sources of emissions (in descending order of magnitude) are materials transportation to the site, operation of the 100-ton crane, and worker transportation to the site. The most effective strategies for reducing energy consumption and emissions identified by the study are: 1) sourcing materials within 500 miles, 2) shipping only full loads of materials, 3) improving site logistics and crane-sizing to reduce erection time, and 4) switching from an 8-hour to a 10-hour work day. These strategies resulted in reductions in total erection phase energy consumption and CO2 emissions of approximately 17.5%, 8.5%, 6.4%, and 3% respectively

Computational wing optimization and comparisons with experiment for a semi-span wing model

A computational wing optimization procedure was developed and verified by an experimental investigation of a semi-span variable camber wing model in the NASA Ames Research Center 14 foot transonic wind tunnel. The Bailey-Ballhaus transonic potential flow analysis and Woodward-Carmichael linear theory codes were linked to Vanderplaats constrained minimization routine to optimize model configurations at several subsonic and transonic design points. The 35 deg swept wing is characterized by multi-segmented leading and trailing edge flaps whose hinge lines are swept relative to the leading and trailing edges of the wing. By varying deflection angles of the flap segments, camber and twist distribution can be optimized for different design conditions. Results indicate that numerical optimization can be both an effective and efficient design tool. The optimized configurations had as good or better lift to drag ratios at the design points as the best designs previously tested during an extensive parametric study

Performance Criteria for the Elementary School Principal in Curriculum Development

It was the purpose of this study to (1) examine current literature in the fields of curriculum development and elementary school administration to determine the role of the elementary school principal in curriculum development, (2) interpret this role into performance criteria, and (3) draw attention to areas of curriculum development in Washington State in which the elementary school principals should exert more leadership

Current Induced Order Parameter Dynamics: Microscopic Theory Applied to Co/Cu/Co spin valves

Transport currents can alter alter order parameter dynamics and change steady states in superconductors, in ferromagnets, and in hybrid systems. In this article we present a scheme for fully microscopic evaluation of order parameter dynamics that is intended for application to nanoscale systems. The approach relies on time-dependent mean-field-theory, on an adiabatic approximation, and on the use of non-equilibrium Greens function (NEGF) theory to calculate the influence of a bias voltage across a system on its steady-state density matrix. We apply this scheme to examine the spin-transfer torques which drive magnetization dynamics in Co/Cu/Co spin-valve structures. Our microscopic torques are peaked near Co/Cu interfaces, in agreement with most previous pictures, but suprisingly act mainly on Co transition metal $d$-orbitals rather than on $s$-orbitals as generally supposed.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure

Nearby Young, Active, Late-type Dwarfs in Gaia's First Data Release

The Galex Nearby Young Star Survey (GALNYSS) has yielded a sample of $\sim$2000 UV-selected objects that are candidate nearby ($D \stackrel{<}{\sim}$150 pc), young (age $\sim$10--100 Myr), late-type stars. Here, we evaluate the distances and ages of the subsample of (19) GALNYSS stars with Gaia Data Release 1 (DR1) parallax distances $D \le 120$ pc. The overall youth of these 19 mid-K to early-M stars is readily apparent from their positions relative to the loci of main sequence stars and giants in Gaia-based color-magnitude and color-color diagrams constructed for all Galex- and WISE-detected stars with parallax measurements included in DR1. The isochronal ages of all 19 stars lie in the range $\sim$10--100 Myr. Comparison with Li-based age estimates indicates a handful of these stars may be young main-sequence binaries rather than pre-main sequence stars. Nine of the 19 objects have not previously been considered as nearby, young stars, and all but one of these are found at declinations north of $+$30$^\circ$. The Gaia DR1 results presented here indicate that the GALNYSS sample includes several hundred nearby, young stars, a substantial fraction of which have not been previously recognized as having ages $\stackrel{<}{\sim}$100 Myr.Comment: 30 pages, 4 tables, 7 figures; to appear in The Astrophysical Journal; 1st replacement to correct typos/omissions in Table 3 and acknowledgments; 2nd replacement to incorporate corrections to ApJ proof

Dramatic expansion of the black widow toxin arsenal uncovered by multi-tissue transcriptomics and venom proteomics.

BackgroundAnimal venoms attract enormous interest given their potential for pharmacological discovery and understanding the evolution of natural chemistries. Next-generation transcriptomics and proteomics provide unparalleled, but underexploited, capabilities for venom characterization. We combined multi-tissue RNA-Seq with mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analyses to determine venom gland specific transcripts and venom proteins from the Western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus) and investigated their evolution.ResultsWe estimated expression of 97,217 L. hesperus transcripts in venom glands relative to silk and cephalothorax tissues. We identified 695 venom gland specific transcripts (VSTs), many of which BLAST and GO term analyses indicate may function as toxins or their delivery agents. ~38% of VSTs had BLAST hits, including latrotoxins, inhibitor cystine knot toxins, CRISPs, hyaluronidases, chitinase, and proteases, and 59% of VSTs had predicted protein domains. Latrotoxins are venom toxins that cause massive neurotransmitter release from vertebrate or invertebrate neurons. We discovered ≥ 20 divergent latrotoxin paralogs expressed in L. hesperus venom glands, significantly increasing this biomedically important family. Mass spectrometry of L. hesperus venom identified 49 proteins from VSTs, 24 of which BLAST to toxins. Phylogenetic analyses showed venom gland specific gene family expansions and shifts in tissue expression.ConclusionsQuantitative expression analyses comparing multiple tissues are necessary to identify venom gland specific transcripts. We present a black widow venom specific exome that uncovers a trove of diverse toxins and associated proteins, suggesting a dynamic evolutionary history. This justifies a reevaluation of the functional activities of black widow venom in light of its emerging complexity