Artificial muses: Generative artificial intelligence chatbots have risen to human-level creativity

A widespread view is that Artificial Intelligence cannot be creative. We tested this assumption by comparing human-generated ideas with those generated by six Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) chatbots: alpa.ai, Copy.ai, ChatGPT (versions 3 and 4), Studio.ai, and YouChat. Humans and a specifically trained AI independently assessed the quality and quantity of ideas. We found no qualitative difference between AI and human-generated creativity, although there are differences in how ideas are generated. Interestingly, 9.4 % of humans were more creative than the most creative GAI, GPT-4. Our findings suggest that GAIs are valuable assistants in the creative process. Continued research and development of GAI in creative tasks is crucial to fully understand this technology's potential benefits and drawbacks in shaping the future of creativity. Finally, we discuss the question of whether GAIs are capable of being “truly” creative.Peer Reviewe

The ‘dark side’ of personal values:relations to clinical constructs and their implications

Personal values are considered as guiding principles in one's life. Much of previous research on values hasconsequently focused on its relations with variables that are considered positive, including subjective well-being, personality traits, or behavior (e.g. health-related). However, in this study (N = 366) the negative‘dark’ side of values is examined. Specifically, the study investigated the relations between Schwartz' (1992)ten value types and four different clinical variables — anxiety, depression, stress, and schizotypy with its subdimensions, unusual experience, cognitive disorganization, introverted anhedonia, and impulsive nonconfor-mity. Positive relations between achievement and depression and stress, and negative relations between anxiety and hedonism and stimulation were predicted and found. Multiple regressions revealed that the ten value typesexplained the most variance in impulsive nonconformity and the least variance in unusual experience. Overall,values were better in predicting more cognitive clinical variables (e.g., cognitive disorganization) whereas clinical constructs were better in predicting more affective values (e.g., hedonism). Implications of the findings for value research are discussed

Creativity Enhancement Methods for Adults: A Meta-Analysis

This meta-analysis synthesizes 332 effect sizes of various methods to enhance creativity. We clustered all studies into twelve methods to identify the most effective creativity enhancement methods. We found that, on average, creativity can be enhanced, Hedges’ g = 0.53, 95%-CI [0.44, 0.61], with 70.09% of the participants in the enhancement conditions being more creative than the average person in the control conditions. Complex training courses, meditation and cultural exposure were most effective (gs = 0.66), while the use of cognitive manipulation drugs was least and also non-effective, g = 0.10. The type of training material was also important. For instance, figural methods were more effective in enhancing creativity, and enhancing converging thinking was more effective than enhancing divergent thinking. Study effect sizes varied considerably across all studies and for many subgroup analyses, suggesting that researchers can plausibly expect to find reversed effects occasionally. We found no evidence of publication bias. We discuss theoretical implications and suggest future directions for best practice in enhancing creativity.Peer Reviewe

Do Digital Jobs Need an Image Filter? Factors Contributing to Negative Attitudes

The rapid expansion of high-speed internet has led to the emergence of new digital jobs, such as digital influencers, fitness models, and adult models who share content on subscription-based social media platforms. Across two experiments involving 1,002 participants, we combined theories from both social psychology and information systems to investigate perceptions of digital jobs compared to matched established jobs, and predictors of attitudes toward digital jobs (e.g., symbolic threat, contact, perceived usefulness). We found that individuals in digital professions were perceived as less favorably and as less hard-working than those in matched established jobs. Digital jobs were also regarded as more threatening to societal values and less useful. The relation between job type and attitudes toward these jobs was partially mediated by contact with people working in these jobs, perceived usefulness, perception of hard-working, and symbolic threat. These effects were consistent across openness to new experiences, attitudes toward digitalization, political orientation, and age. Among the nine jobs examined, lecturers were perceived as the most favorable, while adult models were viewed least favorably. Overall, our findings demonstrate that integrating theories from social psychology and information systems can enhance our understanding of how attitudes are formed.Comment: 32 pages, 2 figure

Do student samples provide an accurate estimate of the general public?

Most psychological studies rely on student samples. Students are usually considered as more homogenous than representative samples both within and across countries. However, little is known about the nature of the differences between student and representative samples. This is an important gap, also because knowledge about the degree of difference between student and representative samples may allow to infer from the former to the latter group. Across 59 countries and 12 personality (Big-5) and attitudinal variables we found that differences between students and general public were partly substantial, incoherent, and contradicted previous findings. Two often used cultural variables, embeddedness and intellectual autonomy, failed to explain the differences between both groups across countries. We further found that students vary as much as the general population both between and within countries. In summary, our results indicate that generalizing from students to the general public can be problematic when personal and attitudinal variables are used, as students vary mostly randomly from the general public. Findings are also discussed in terms of the replication crisis within psychology

Brief Resilience Scale: testing its factorial structure and invariance in Brazil

Across two studies we aimed to provide evidences of validity and reliability for the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) in Brazil. In study 1, 171 individuals participated (Age M=21.9, SD=6.59) and 232 in Study 2 (Age M=26.3, SD=7.06). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the predicted one-factor solution, with five items and satisfactory internal consistence (α=.76). A multi-group CFA revealed partial measurement equivalence between our and the original (USA) versions of the BRS. The BRS correlated significant with positivity and personality traits. The composite reliability was satisfying; the convergent validity, measured with the average variance extracted, was slightly below the recommendations. Overall, the results show that the measure is psychometrically suitable for research in Brazil

Mapping the Structure of Human Values through Conceptual Representations

The present research provides the first direct examination of human values through concept categorization tasks that entail judging the meaning of values. Seven studies containing data from nine samples (N = 1086) in two countries (the UK and Brazil) asked participants to compare the meaning of different values found within influential quasi-circumplex model of values. Different methods were used across experiments, including direct similarity judgment tasks, pile sorting, and spatial arrangement. The results of these diverse conceptual assessments corresponded to spatial configurations that are broadly convergent with Schwartz's model, both between and within participants

Brief Resilience Scale: testing its factorial structure and invariance in Brazil

Across two studies we aimed to provide evidences of validity and reliability for the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) in Brazil. In study 1, 171 individuals participated (Age M = 21.9, SD = 6.59) and 232 in Study 2 (Age M = 26.3, SD = 7.06). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the predicted one-factor solution, with five items and satisfactory internal consistence (α= 0.76). A multi-group CFA revealed partial measurement equivalence between our and the original (USA) versions of the BRS. The BRS correlated significant with positivity and personality traits. The composite reliability was satisfying; the convergent validity, measured with the average variance extracted, was slightly below the recommendations. Overall, the results show that the measure is psychometrically suitable for research in Brazil

Psychometric evidence of the Short Almost Perfect Scale (SAPS) in Brazil

Perfectionism can be understood as a personality trait that establishes excessively high standards for the performance of individuals and ostensibly critical self-evaluations. It is associated with a range of variables, such as anxiety, suicidal tendencies, depression, and low satisfaction with life. Rice et al. (2014) proposed the Short Almost Perfect Scale (SAPS), which overcame some limitations of previous measures (e.g., ambiguity, non-necessary factors). In the present research, we provide psychometric evidence of the SAPS in Brazil. The original two-factor structure was replicated. The items showed good discrimination, level of difficulty, and informativeness for the overall measure. The SAPS also presented acceptable reliability levels, and full measurement invariance across participants' gender, and partial invariance across countries (Brazil and USA). Finally, perfectionism was meaningfully associated with personality traits and human values. In sum, our findings suggest that the SAPS is psychometrically adequate for further use in Brazil