Toward a measure of achievement press in educational settings. ESRI Memorandum Series no. 85

Since Murray (1938) put forward his theory of motivation, a number of authors have attempted to develop measures, not only of individual needs, but also of environmental press toward various behaviour patterns. Authors explicitly using this model have included Stern (1962) and Bergthold (1971). Other authors have used the model in organizational settings (Litwin and Stringer, 1968). Still other authors have used a general framework of classroom climate, school climate or organizational or community climate. The focus of Stern’s investigations, and the investigations of school climate (Coleman, 1961) and organizational climate (Likert, 1967) has been on a general description of the press in schools and organizations, rather than on measures of press relating primarily to achievement. Nevertheless it is clear that achievement is a primary unwritten concern of many authors, particularly those concerned with organizational development. The focus of our present studies is not so much to describe the overall press in educational settings, but to examine, in some detail, the press toward achievement affiliation, and power behaviours among pupils

The ESRI Survey of the Attitudes of Post-Primary Teachers and Pupils Volume III: Teachers' Perception of Educational Objectives. ESRI Memorandum Series No. 89 1970

Although it would, in some ways, be desirable to delay publication of all the results from the ESRI survey of the attitudes of teachers and pupils until a comprehensive and integrated picture could be presented, this would delay the availability of useful material. We have therefore decided to re1ease reports on sections of the material as the analysis is completed. The final volume in the series will bring the material together and highlight the main issues, offering such interpretations of the results as seem to be justified. Simultaneously with the publication of this volume a general background volume and one entitled "Teachers Views on Examinations" has been published

The ESRI Survey of the Attitudes of Post-Primary Teachers and Pupils. II Teachers's view of examinations. ESRI Memorandum Series No. 88 1970

Although it would, in some ways, be desirable to delay publication of all the results from the ESRI survey of the attitudes of teachers and pupils until a comprehensive and integrated picture could be presented, this would delay the availability of useful material. We have therefore decided to release reports on sections of the material as the analysis is completed. The final volume in the series will bring the material together and highlight the main issues, offering such interpretations of the results as seem to be justified. Simultaneously with the publication of this volume a general back­ ground volume bas been published. It is expected that the next volume in the series will be "Teachers' Perception of Educational Objectives"

The ESRI Survey of the Attitudes of Post-Primary Teachers and Pupils Volume II: Teachers' Views on Examinations. Special Appendix Tables. ESRI Memorandum Series No. 91 1970

No Abstract

Socio-Demographic Patterning of Physical Activity across Migrant Groups in India: Results from the Indian Migration Study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between rural to urban migration and physical activity (PA) in India. METHODS: 6,447 (42% women) participants comprising 2077 rural, 2,094 migrants and 2,276 urban were recruited. Total activity (MET hr/day), activity intensity (min/day), PA Level (PAL) television viewing and sleeping (min/day) were estimated and associations with migrant status examined, adjusting for the sib-pair design, age, site, occupation, education, and socio-economic position (SEP). RESULTS: Total activity was highest in rural men whereas migrant and urban men had broadly similar activity levels (p<0.001). Women showed similar patterns, but slightly lower levels of total activity. Sedentary behaviour and television viewing were lower in rural residents and similar in migrant and urban groups. Sleep duration was highest in the rural group and lowest in urban non-migrants. Migrant men had considerably lower odds of being in the highest quartile of total activity than rural men, a finding that persisted after adjustment for age, SEP and education (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.37, 0.74). For women, odds ratios attenuated and associations were removed after adjusting for age, SEP and education. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that migrants have already acquired PA levels that closely resemble long-term urban residents. Effective public health interventions to increase PA are needed

COVID-19 trajectories among 57 million adults in England: a cohort study using electronic health records

BACKGROUND: Updatable estimates of COVID-19 onset, progression, and trajectories underpin pandemic mitigation efforts. To identify and characterise disease trajectories, we aimed to define and validate ten COVID-19 phenotypes from nationwide linked electronic health records (EHR) using an extensible framework. METHODS: In this cohort study, we used eight linked National Health Service (NHS) datasets for people in England alive on Jan 23, 2020. Data on COVID-19 testing, vaccination, primary and secondary care records, and death registrations were collected until Nov 30, 2021. We defined ten COVID-19 phenotypes reflecting clinically relevant stages of disease severity and encompassing five categories: positive SARS-CoV-2 test, primary care diagnosis, hospital admission, ventilation modality (four phenotypes), and death (three phenotypes). We constructed patient trajectories illustrating transition frequency and duration between phenotypes. Analyses were stratified by pandemic waves and vaccination status. FINDINGS: Among 57 032 174 individuals included in the cohort, 13 990 423 COVID-19 events were identified in 7 244 925 individuals, equating to an infection rate of 12·7% during the study period. Of 7 244 925 individuals, 460 737 (6·4%) were admitted to hospital and 158 020 (2·2%) died. Of 460 737 individuals who were admitted to hospital, 48 847 (10·6%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), 69 090 (15·0%) received non-invasive ventilation, and 25 928 (5·6%) received invasive ventilation. Among 384 135 patients who were admitted to hospital but did not require ventilation, mortality was higher in wave 1 (23 485 [30·4%] of 77 202 patients) than wave 2 (44 220 [23·1%] of 191 528 patients), but remained unchanged for patients admitted to the ICU. Mortality was highest among patients who received ventilatory support outside of the ICU in wave 1 (2569 [50·7%] of 5063 patients). 15 486 (9·8%) of 158 020 COVID-19-related deaths occurred within 28 days of the first COVID-19 event without a COVID-19 diagnoses on the death certificate. 10 884 (6·9%) of 158 020 deaths were identified exclusively from mortality data with no previous COVID-19 phenotype recorded. We observed longer patient trajectories in wave 2 than wave 1. INTERPRETATION: Our analyses illustrate the wide spectrum of disease trajectories as shown by differences in incidence, survival, and clinical pathways. We have provided a modular analytical framework that can be used to monitor the impact of the pandemic and generate evidence of clinical and policy relevance using multiple EHR sources. FUNDING: British Heart Foundation Data Science Centre, led by Health Data Research UK

Physiological Correlates of Volunteering

We review research on physiological correlates of volunteering, a neglected but promising research field. Some of these correlates seem to be causal factors influencing volunteering. Volunteers tend to have better physical health, both self-reported and expert-assessed, better mental health, and perform better on cognitive tasks. Research thus far has rarely examined neurological, neurochemical, hormonal, and genetic correlates of volunteering to any significant extent, especially controlling for other factors as potential confounds. Evolutionary theory and behavioral genetic research suggest the importance of such physiological factors in humans. Basically, many aspects of social relationships and social activities have effects on health (e.g., Newman and Roberts 2013; Uchino 2004), as the widely used biopsychosocial (BPS) model suggests (Institute of Medicine 2001). Studies of formal volunteering (FV), charitable giving, and altruistic behavior suggest that physiological characteristics are related to volunteering, including specific genes (such as oxytocin receptor [OXTR] genes, Arginine vasopressin receptor [AVPR] genes, dopamine D4 receptor [DRD4] genes, and 5-HTTLPR). We recommend that future research on physiological factors be extended to non-Western populations, focusing specifically on volunteering, and differentiating between different forms and types of volunteering and civic participation