Soil Quality Changes Following Forest Clearance in Bengkulu, Sumatra

Intense destruction and degradation of tropical forests is recognized as one of the environmental threats and tragedies. These have increased the need to assess the effects of subsequent land-use following forest extraction on soil quality. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the impacts of land-use type on soil quality properties in Bengkulu Province, Sumatra. Soil samples were collected from adjacent sites including natural secondary forest, bare land, cultivated land and grassland. The results show that land-use following forest clearance lowered saturated hydraulic conductivity (85%), porosity (10.50%), soil water content at field capacity (34%),C organic (27%), N total (26%), inorganic N (37%), soil microbial biomass C (32%), mineralizable C (22%), and particulate organic matter (50%), but slightly increased water soluble organic C. Specific respiration activity rates increased about 14% in cultivated soils compared to natural forest soils, indicating greater C turnover per labile C pool in the form of soil microbial biomass, thus decreased biologically active soil organic matter. Forest conversion tends to reduce the C,ffg/Crer for all deforested sites. All of deforested areas relatively have infertile soil, with the worst case found in cultivated field. The C^g/Crd of cultivated fields was about 24% less than that of remnant forest (1.07). Grassland apparently maintains only slightly higher soil C levels than the bare land. On average, degradation index of soil following forest clearance was 35% with the highest deterioration occurred in the bare land (38%). Fallowing the fields by naturally growth of Imperata cylindrica for about 15 yr in abandoned land after 3-5 years of cultivation did not improve the soil quality. Moreover, forest clearance has an impact on soil quality as resulted in the loss of a physically protected organic matter and reduction in some labile C pools, thus declined biological activity at disturbed ecosystems

SOIL QUALITY CHANGES FOLLOWING FOREST CLEARANCE IN BENGKULU, SUMATRA

Intense destruction and degradation of tropical forests is recognized as one of the environmental threats and tragedies. These have increased the need to assess the effects of subsequent land-use following forest extraction on soil quality. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the impacts of land-use type on soil quality properties in Bengkulu Province, Sumatra. Soil samples were collected from adjacent sites including natural secondary forest, bare land, cultivated land and grassland. The results show that land-use following forest clearance lowered saturated hydraulic conductivity (85%), porosity (10.50%), soil water content at field capacity (34%),C organic (27%), N total (26%), inorganic N (37%), soil microbial biomass C (32%), mineralizable C (22%), and particulate organic matter (50%), but slightly increased water soluble organic C. Specific respiration activity rates increased about 14% in cultivated soils compared to natural forest soils, indicating greater C turnover per labile C pool in the form of soil microbial biomass, thus decreased biologically active soil organic matter. Forest conversion tends to reduce the C,ffg/Crer for all deforested sites. All of deforested areas relatively have infertile soil, with the worst case found in cultivated field. The C^g/Crd of cultivated fields was about 24% less than that of remnant forest (1.07). Grassland apparently maintains only slightly higher soil C levels than the bare land. On average, degradation index of soil following forest clearance was 35% with the highest deterioration occurred in the bare land (38%). Fallowing the fields by naturally growth of  Imperata cylindrica  for about 15 yr in abandoned land after 3-5 years of cultivation did not improve the soil quality. Moreover, forest clearance has an impact on soil quality as resulted in the loss of a physically protected organic matter and reduction in some labile C pools, thus declined biological activity at disturbed ecosystems. Keywords: Degradation index / forest / Imperata cylindrica grassland / soil quality/ soil organic matte

Program Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja Dan Gaya Kepemimpinan Terhadap Motivasi Kerja (Studi Pada Karyawan PT Pln (Persero) Distribusi Jawa Timur Area Malang)

The background of this research is the implementation of the occupational safety and health program and leadership style at PT PLN (Persero) Distribusi Jawa Timur Area Malang. The objective of research is to explain the effect of the variables work safety program, work health program, transformational teadership style, transactional leadership style simultaneously and partially on the variable employee work motivation. The sample in this research was 60 employee by using saturated sampling. Data analysis in this research used descriptive statistical analysis and multiple liniers regression analysis by hypothesis test. Based on the result there is a significant influence of the work safety program, work health program, leadership style transformational, and leadership style transactional to the work motivation of the empolyees simultaneously and partially at PT PLN (Persero) Distribusi Jawa Timur Area Malang. Variable work health program has dominance impact to the work motivation of the employees

Soil Structure and Carbon Pools in Response to Common Tropical Agroecosystems

Maintaining soil physical properties and organic C is the goal for sustainable use of soil resources in agroecosystems. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the changes in soil structure and C pools and to quantify the availability of labile C pools. The study site was in Bengkulu Province Sumatra, Indonesia. Four common agroecosystems were used to determine soil physical properties including bulk density, porosity, and soil aggregates. Labile soil C pools examined were particulate organic C (POC), microbial biomass C (MBC) and C mineralization (C min). Farming practices significantly affected the bulk density, macro-porosity, micro-porosity, aggregate stability(AS), mean weight diameter (MWD) and aggregation ratio (AR). However, the responses from treatments depend upon the soil depth. In general, agroforestry and fallow fields provided lower bulk density, higher porosity, AS, MWD and AR compared to rubber tree plantation and grain cropping. As a general trend, the values of POC, MBC and C min decreased in the order of agroforestry > fallow field > rubber tree plantation > grain cropping. The order of labile C pools in all fields were POC > MBC > C min. Significant increases (32 – 62%, p<0.05) in the soil organic C content was observed in agroforestry and fallow fields compared to rubber tree plantation and grain cropping systems at the depth of 0 – 20 cm. The highest available POC (43 to 82%) and MBC (2 to 5%) were found in agroforestry and fallow field. Mineralized C was about 2% in all fields indicating similar amount of active C from soil organic matter. In conclusion, improvement in soil structure properties, TOC, POC and MBC in agroforestry andfallow fields indicates better soil C sequestration and soil quality in these agroecosystems.Keywords: Aggregation, carbon mineralization, microbial biomass carbon, particulate organic carbon,  rubber plantation[How to Cite: Handayani IP and P Prawito. 2013. Soil Structure and Carbon Pools in Response to Common Tropical Agroecosystems. J Trop Soils 18 (2): 105-113. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.105][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.99]REFERENCESAhn MY, AR Zimmerman, NB Comerford, JO  Sickman and S Grunwald.  2009.  Carbon mineralization and labile organic carbon labile pools in the sandy soils of north Florida watershed. Ecosystems 12: 672-685.  Anderson JPE. 1982.  Soil Respiration. In: AL Page, RH Miller and DR Keeney(eds).  Methods of Soil Analysis part 2, chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America.  Madison, WI, pp. 831-872.Anderson TH and KH Domsch.  1990.  Application of ecophysiological quotients (qCO2 and qD) on microbial biomass from soils of different cropping histories.  Soil Biol Biochem 22: 251-255.Baker BJ, NR Fausey and KR Islam.  2004.  Comparison of soil physical properties under two different water table management regimes.  Soil Sci Soc Am 68: 1973-1981.Balesdent  J, C Chenu and M Balabane.  2000.  Relationship of soil organic matter dynamics of physical protection on tillage.  Soil Till Res 53: 215-230.Batjes NH.  1996.  Total C and N in soils of the world.  Eur J Soil Sci 47: 151-163.Bauhus J, D Pare and I Cote.  1998.  Effect of tree species, stand age and soil type on soil microbial biomass and its activity in a southern boreal forest.  Soil Biol Biochem 30: 1077-1089.Bayer C, L Martin-Neto, CN Pillon and L Saugoi.  2001.  Changes in Soil Organic Matter Fractions under Subtropical No-Till Cropping Systems.  Soil Sci Soc Am J 65: 1473-1478.Bowen GD and AD Rovira.  1991.  The rhizosphere.  The hidden half of the hidden half.  In: Y Waisal, ,A  Eshel and U Kafkafi  (eds). Plant Roots: the Hidden Half.  Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 641-669.Cambardella  CA and ET  Elliot.  1992.  Particulate soil organic-matter changes across a grassland cultivation sequence.  Soil Sci Soc Am J 56: 777-783.Castro H,  CA  Cambardella  and ET  Elliot.  2010.  Carbon and nitrogen distribution in aggregates from cultivated and native grassland soil.  Soil Sci Soc Am J  57: 1071-1076.Eynard A, TE Schumacher, RA Kohl and DD Malo.  2006. Soil wettability relationships with soil organic carbon and aggregate stability. Proceedings of the 18th World Congress of Soil Science, Philadelphia, July 9-15, Pennyslavia, USA.Franzluebbers  AJ.  2002.  Soil organic matter stratification ratio as indicator of soil quality.  Soil Till Res 66: 95-106. Gajda AM.  2008.  Effect of different tillage systems in some microbiological properties of soils under wheat.  Int Agrophysics 22:  201-208.Gregorich  EG, MR Carter, DA Angers, CM  Monreal and BH Ellert. 1994.  Towards a minimum data set to assess soil organic matter quality in agricultural soils.  Can J Soil Sci 74: 367-385. Handayani  IP.  2004.  Soil quality changes following forest clearance in Bengkulu Sumatra.  Biotropia 22: 15-28.Handayani IP, MS  Coyne, CD Barton and S Workman.  2008.  Soil Carbon Pools and Aggregation Following Stream Restoration in A Riparian Corridor: Bernheim Forest, Kentucky.  J Environ Monitor Restor 4: 11-28.Handayani IP, P Prawito and M Ihsan.  2012.  Soil changes associated with Imperata cylindrica grassland conversion in Indonesia.  Int J Soil Sci 7: 61-70.Handayani IP, MS Coyne, and T Phillips. 2011. Soil organic carbon fractions differ in two contrasting tall fescue systems. Plant and Soil 338: 43-50.  doi: 10.1007/s11104-0100352-z.Houghton  RA and CL  Goodale.  2004.  Effect of land use change on the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems.  Ecosystems and Land Use Change, Geographical Monograph Series 153: 85-98.Huang  X, EL Skidmore and GL Tibke.  2002.  Soil quality of two Kansas soils as influenced by the Conservation Reserve Program.  J Soil Water Conserv 57: 344-350.  Jenkinson  DS and JN Ladd.  1981.  Microbial biomass in soil:measurement and turnover.  In: EA Paul and JN Ladd (eds). Soil Biochemistry Vol. 5. Marcel Dekker, NY, pp. 415-471. Jinbo  Z, S Changchun and Y  Wenyan.  2007.  Effects of cultivation on soil microbial properties in a freshwater march soil in Northeast China.  Soil Till Res 93: 231-235.Klute A.  1986.  Methods of soil analysis- Part 1.  Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America.  Agronomy Series 9.  Madison, WI, 1188 p.Kosmas  C, St Gerontidis and M Marathianou.  2000.  The effect of land use change on soils and vegetation over various lithological formations on Lesvos (Greece).  Catena 40: 51-68. Li XG, PL  Zhang, P Yin, YK  Li, QF  Ma, RJ  Long and FM  Li.  2009.  Soil organic  carbon and nitrogen fractions and water-stable aggregation as affected by cropping and grassland reclamation in an arid sub-alpine soil.  Land Degrad Dev 20: 176-186.Li Y and BW Mathew.  2010.  Effect of conversion of sugarcane plantation to forest and pasture on soil carbon in Hawaii.  Plant Soil 335: 245-253.Lopez-Bermudez  F, A  Romero-Diaz, J  Martinez-Fernandez and J  Martinez-Fernandez. 1996.  The El Ardal field site:soil and vegetation cover. In: CJ Brandt and JB Thornes (eds).  Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use.  John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp. 169-188.Luxmoore  RJ.  1981.  Micro-, meso-, and macroporosity of soil.  Soil Sci Soc Am J 45: 671-672.Mazzarino  MJ, L Szott and M Jimenez.  1993.  Dynamics of soil total C and N, microbial biomass and water soluble C in tropical agro ecosystems.  Soil Biol Biochem 25: 205-214.McLauhan  KK, SE Hobbie and WM Post.  2006.  Conversion from agriculture to grassland builds soil organic matter on decadal timescales.  Ecol Appl 16: 143-153.  Mohammadi  K.  2011.  Soil microbial activity and biomass as influenced by tillage and fertilization in wheat production.  Am-Euras J Agric Environ Sci 10: 330-337.Paul  EA and FE  Clark.  1996.  Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry.  Academic, San Diego, CA.Preger AC, R Kosters, CC  Du Preez, S  Brodowski and W  Amelung.  2010.  Carbon sequestration in secondary pasture soils: a chronosequence study in the south African Highveld.  Eur J Soil Sci 61: 551-562.Puget  P, C  Chenu and J Balesdent.  2000.  Dynamics of soil organic matter associated with particle-size fractions of water-stable aggregates.  Eur J Soil Sci 51: 595-605.SAS Institute.  2007.  SAS User’s Guide: Statistics.  SAS Inst., Cary, NC. Saviozzi  A, P  Bufalino, R Revi-Minzi and R  Riffaldi. 2002. Biochemical activities in a degraded soil restored by two amendments: a laboratory study. Biol Fertil Soils 35: 96-101.Sharrow  SH and S Ismail.  2004.  Carbon and nitrogen storage in western Oregon agroforests, forests, and pastures.  Agroforest Syst 60: 123-130. Shrestha  BM, BR  Singh, BK Sitaula, R  Lal and RM  Bajracharya.  2007.  Soil aggregate- and particle- associated organic carbon under different land uses in Nepal.  Soil Sci Soc Am J  71: 1194-1203.Six  J, RT Conant, EA  Paul and K Paustian.  2002.  Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: implications for C-saturation of soils.  Plant Soil 241: 155-176.Skidmore  EL, WA  Carstenson and EE  Banbury.  1975.  Soil changes resulting from cropping.  Soil Sci Soc Am J 39: 964-967.Sparling  GP.  1992.  Ratio of microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon is sensitive indicator changes in soil organic matter.  Aust J Soil Res 30: 195-207.Staben  ML, DF  Bezdicek, MF Fauzi and  JL Smith. 1997.  Assessment of soil quality in conservation reserve program and wheat-fallow soils.  Soil Sci Soc Am J 61: 124-130.Su YZ, WJ  Liu, R Yang and XX  Chang.  2009.  Changes in soil aggregate, carbon, nitrogen following the conversion of cropland to alfalfa forage land in the marginal Oasis of Northwest China.  Environ Manage 43: 1061-1070.Templer  PH, PM Groffman and AS  Flecker.  2005.  Land use change and soil nutrient transformations in the Los Haitises region of the Dominican Republic.  Soil Biol Biochem 37: 215-225.Wander   MM and GM Bidart.  2000.  Tillage practice influences on the physical protection, bioavailability and composition of particulate organic matter.  Biol Fertil Soils 32: 360-367.Wang  B, GB Liu, S  Xue and B Zhu.  2011.  Changes in soil physic-chemical and microbiological properties during natural succession on abandoned farmland in the Loess Plateau.  Environ Earth Sci 62: 915-925.Yadav RS, BL Yadav and BR Chhipa.  2008.  Litter dynamics and soil properties under different tree species in a semi-arid region of Rajasthan, India.  Agroforest Syst 73: 1-12.Zhang K, H Dang, S Tan, Z Wang and Q Zhang.  2010.  Vegetation community and soil characteristics of abandoned agricultural land and pine plantation in the Qinling Mountains China.  For Ecol Manage 259: 2036-2047.Zhu B, Z  Li, P Li, G Xu and S  Xue.  2010.  Soil erodibility, microbial biomass, and physical-chemical property changes during long-term natural vegetation restoration: a case study in the Loess Plateau China.  Ecol Res 25: 531-541.&nbsp

Penentuan Csf Pada Website Internet Banking Ditinjau Dari Aspek Kebutuhan Pengguna Sebagai Nasabah Individual Dengan Studi Kasus Bca, Bank Mandiri, Dan Bni

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor implementasi yang dianggap penting dalam penyediaan fasilitas layanan internet banking (e-banking) pada instansi perbankan di Indonesia. Adapun spesifikasi Critical Success Factors (CSF) pada internet banking yang ditelaah adalah dengan memandang kebutuhan dan Kenyamanan bertransaksi pengguna sebagai nasabah individual. Tahapan penelitian meliputi studi literatur untuk mendefinisikan CSF pada internet banking serta evaluasi website studi kasus untuk mendefinisikan instrumen evaluasi website. Kemudian instrumen evaluasi tersebut digunakan dalam menguji CSF yang telah didefinisikan sebelumnya. Penelitian ini diakhiri dengan proses analisis atas data survei uji instrumen evaluasi. Hasil akhir penelitian menyimpulkan dua CSF yaitu kelengkapan layanan-layanan internet banking dan desain antarmuka website. This research aims to identify factors that are considered important in the implementation of the provision of internet banking services (e-banking) in the banking institutions in Indonesia. The Critical Success Factors specification (CSF) on the internet banking which is examined by looking at the needs and convenience of the user transactions as individual customers. Stages of research include studies in the literature to define CSF evaluation in internet banking website as well as case studies to define the website evaluation instruments. Then the evaluation instruments used in testing the CSF that have been defined previously. The research concludes with the analysis of survey data evaluation test instruments. The final results of two studies concluded that CSF completeness of internet banking services and website interface design

Model Kooperatif Teams Games Tournament Disertai Media Kartu Soal Berbentuk Puzzle Dalam Pembelajaran IPA Fisika Di SMP Negeri 2 Jember

Teams Games Tournament is one of the cooperative model witheducational games. With these educational games students can moreeasily understand the material given due to an educational game that isdone in groups. Media card shaped puzzle problem is a problem lies inthe form of instructions and questions that must be resolved bystudents.The purpose of this research were to reviewing: (1) influence thecooperative model of based Teams Games Tournament type with problemcard shaped of puzzle to cognitive competence; (2) influence thecooperative model of based Teams Games Tournament type with problemcard shaped of puzzle to learning activities; and (3)influence thecooperative model of based Teams Games Tournament type with problemcard shaped of puzzle to attitude competence. This research used thequasi experimental research method. The samples was using clusterrandom sampling consisted of 2 class, they are VIII C as a experimentclass and VIII B as a control class. The instruments are consisted of thetest, interview, and documentatiton. The data was analyzed using theIndependent Simple T-Test to show how is the different betweenexperiment class and control class . The results of the research were asfollows: (1) the cooperative learning model based Teams GamesTournament type with problem card shaped of puzzle has good effect forcognitive competence; (2) the cooperative learning model based TGTtype with problem card shaped of puzzle has not good effect for learningativities; and (3) the cooperative learning model based TGT type withproblem card shaped of puzzle has not good effect for attitudecompetenc

Phonon and crystal field excitations in geometrically frustrated rare earth titanates

The phonon and crystal field excitations in several rare earth titanate pyrochlores are investigated. Magnetic measurements on single crystals of Gd2Ti2O7, Tb2Ti2O7, Dy2Ti2O7 and Ho2Ti2O7 are used for characterization, while Raman spectroscopy and terahertz time domain spectroscopy are employed to probe the excitations of the materials. The lattice excitations are found to be analogous across the compounds over the whole temperature range investigated (295-4 K). The resulting full phononic characterization of the R2Ti2O7 pyrochlore structure is then used to identify crystal field excitations observed in the materials. Several crystal field excitations have been observed in Tb2Ti2O7 in Raman spectroscopy for the first time, among which all of the previously reported excitations. The presence of additional crystal field excitations, however, suggests the presence of two inequivalent Tb3+ sites in the low temperature structure. Furthermore, the crystal field level at approximately 13 cm-1 is found to be both Raman and dipole active, indicating broken inversion symmetry in the system and thus undermining its current symmetry interpretation. In addition, evidence is found for a significant crystal field-phonon coupling in Tb2Ti2O7. These findings call for a careful reassessment of the low temperature structure of Tb2Ti2O7, which may serve to improve its theoretical understanding.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figure

Building Marketing untuk Komunitas Sendiri Berbasis Online

World wide web or web is often called one of the internet facilities are becoming increasingly well known that many people often view it as the only way to surf the internet. By having a website or a homepage means a community has its own place on the web, in which all people worldwide the opportunity to redirect the browser and find out more about what is published. In order to attract and keep visiting the website design and loading required and information is good news. This is an opportunity that should be best utilized to inform or whatever is the superior product and service profile for a company or agency that wants more widely known. Internet is the best solution to find information quickly and efficiently, and therefore the sale is a web-based online media that are considered practical because people do not need to come directly to find the desired item. The conclusion of this study are as follows: 1. This program can provide convenience to consumers in finding and buying products sold by Bizarre Sounds Production, sales order, booking and information service for the better stuff. 2. The information displayed is not just news-news about the world of metal music but also the latest promotions Bizarre Sounds Production of products in order to increase sales and profits of the company