Towards Single-Molecule Nanomechanical Mass Spectrometry

We present an initial attempt to perform mass spectrometry (MS) of single proteins and gold nanoparticles with nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Mass spectrometry, the identification of molecules based on their masses, is one of the most important techniques in proteomics research currently. NEMS devices, with their exquisite sensitivities, low costs, and abilities to detect neutral molecules, offers a promising paradigm for performing mass spectrometry. In our first-generation experiments, protein molecules, and gold nanoparticles were ionized by electrospray ionization (ESI) and transported to a NEMS chip, through a differential vacuum system, by hexapolar ion guides. NEMS was transduced by magnetomotive technique and the fundamental mode of the flexural resonance was monitored. Species landing on the NEMS are weighted through the change in the frequency of the resonator. Two protein species (66 kDa and 200 kDa) and 5 nm gold nanoparticles were analyzed with this technique, with mass resolution level of 15 kDa. A method to remove the position dependency of the frequency shift was developed employing two different modes of a nanomechanical beam. The uncertainties of mass and position values are calculated as a function of the frequency noise of the first and second modes of the beam. In our second-generation experiments, the first and second flexural modes of a doubly-clamped beam were tracked in real time. Nanoparticles and biospecies are again produced through ESI and transported through ion optics. The adsorption of 10 nm GNPs and IgM protein (950 kDa) were observed. Mass values for these events are obtained with the multimode analysis technique and shown to be consistent with the expected values.</p

Şâz Kıraat Olgusuna Taberî Vechesinden Bir Bakış

Tabari (d. 310/923) is one of the important scholars who have praised as “Imam al-mufassirin”. The worth of his works are appreciated by the scholars. As in many subject, his views and evalution on the qiraah is also very important. Particularly, it is also important to understand that, how the exceptional qiraah-which has undergone many definitions in the historical process-understood by Tabari. This research note presents the framework of Tabari’s approach to the mentioned subject in a very abstract way and ignores the evaluation according to the nowadays perception. In our opinion this is a necessary approach in order to assess data on its own historicity and to avoid anachronism.Taberî (ö. 310/923) “İmâmü’l-müfessirîn” övgüsüne mazhar olmuş önemli âlimlerden biridir. Yazmış olduğu eserlerin kıymeti ilim ehlince malumdur. Pek çok konuda olduğu gibi kıraat mevzusundaki görüşleri ve bu konudaki değerlendirmeleri oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Özellikle şâz kıraat gibi tarihi süreçte pek çok tanımlama evresi geçirmiş bir meseleye Taberî’nin yaklaşımı ayrıca önem taşımaktadır. Elinizdeki araştırma, Taberî’nin mezkûr meseleye yaklaşımını okuyucunun istifadesine gayet açık ve muhtasar bir şekilde sunmayı ilke edinmektedir. Bu sebeple çalışmada, Taberî sonrasında değişkenlik gösteren kıraat algılarına göre meselenin değerlendirilmesinden sarfınazar edilmektedir. Bizce bu durum, verileri kendi tarihselliğinde değerlendirmek ve anakronizme düşmemek adına da gerekli bir değerlendirme biçimidir

Taberî’ye Yöneltilen Tenkitler Bağlamında Yedi Harf ve Kıraatleri Savunma Refleksi

According to al-Tabarî, seven letters (al-ahruf al-sab‘a) are expression types having the same meanings. However, Caliphate Uthman ordered the copying of the Quran just with one of the letters, leaving out the rest; besides, current recitation/qiraah of the Quran was cited through single report/khabar al-wâhid by recitators/qurrâ. That‘s why, in the interpretation/tafseer of Taberî, in order a qiraah to be recitated and evaluated, it is emphasized that its‘ citations should be agreed or it must be recitated by most of the qurrâs. This approach means that al-Tabarî makes a distinction between the Quran and qiraah. His criticizing some of the qiraahs, which were accepted as continually cited/motewaater, due to their contrariety to the consensus/ijmâ‘ is an evidence of this. In traditional thought, a qiraah‘s being cited by the qurrâ of sab‘a or ashara means that it can be questioned and its being questioned or criticism have been accepted as the criticism of the Quran. Thus, al-Tabarî‘s criticizing the qiraahs which were accepted as motewaater with different aspects has been considered dangerous with the concern of damaging the reliability of the Qur‘an. Besides, al-Tabarî was tried to be defamed in terms of Qiraah science. The present study tackles the afore-mentioned criticisms with particular considerations. As a result, it has been put forth that criticisms towards al-Tabarî were carried out with settled acceptances and a defensive reaction.Taberî’ye göre yedi harf (ahruf-i seb‘a) müteradif (benzer anlamlı) ifade biçimleridir. Ne var ki Hz. Osman, yedi harfin altısını dışarıda bırakarak sadece biriyle mushafları istinsah ettirmiş, mevcut kıraat birikimi de bu bir harfin içindeki farklılıklar olarak özü itibariyle kurrâ tarafından haber-i vâhid şeklinde nakledilmiştir. Bu sebeple Taberî tefsirinde, bir kıraatin tilavet edilebilmesi ve değerlendirilebilmesi için kıraat rivayetlerinin ittifak/icmâ etmesinin veya kurrânın çoğunluğu tarafından okunmasının önemine özellikle vurgu yapmaktadır. Bu anlayışı onun, Kur’an ve kıraat ayrımı yaptığı anlamına gelmektedir. Kendisinden sonra mütevatir olarak kabul edilen kıraatlerden bazılarını başta icmâa muhalefeti sebebiyle çeşitli açılardan tenkide tabi tutması da bunu göstermektedir. Geleneksel düşüncede ise bir kıraatin seb‘a veya ‘aşere kurrâsından nakledilmesi demek, onun hiçbir şekilde sorgulanamayacağı anlamına gelmekte ve böyle bir sorgulama ya da rivayet edilen metnin tenkidi çoğunlukla Kur’an’ı eleştirmekle eşdeğer kabul edilmektedir. Haliyle Taberî’nin, “mütevatir” kabul edilen kıraatleri çeşitli açılardan eleştirmesi, imanı ve aynı zamanda Kur’an’ın mevsukiyetini haleldar edeceği endişesiyle sakıncalı ve tehlikeli addedilmekte; hatta Taberî, kıraat ilmi açısından itibarsızlaştırılmaya çalışılmaktadır. İşte elinizdeki çalışma mezkûr tenkitleri belli değerlendirmeler eşliğinde ele almaktadır. Netice itibariyle Taberî’ye yöneltilen eleştirilerin yerleşik kabullerle ve savunmacı bir tepkiyle yapıldığı ortaya konulmaktadır

A Review and Comparative Study of Management Concepts Used by Department of Defense

It is the intent of this paper to review the Acquisition Management SysternVProgram Management concepts of the major Armed Services comprising the Department of Defense (DOD), Army, Navy and the Air Force, and the System Management process associated with System Acquisition. As such, this paper reviews highlights of the DOD Program Management Acquisition Management Systems. The study is closely related to the writer\u27s position at Naval Training Equipment Center. Being a DOD employee and operating in a technical environment, specifically in a position of employing the Program Management concept to in-house major tasks the need for more fully understanding and employing the concepts of Government Programs Management was clearly dictated. At the offset this approach seemed reasonable; however, as the research matured via an intensive literary search a dichothorny in the acquisition System Management process was uncovered. It was also discovered that Government guidelines are undergoing considerable changes, and it became necessary to expend a considerable effort to obtain copies of the applicable material. Research of available reference material was limited to that applicable to Weapon System Acquisition in the pre David Packard era and post David Packard era. Each of the technical management concepts of the Armed Services was reviewed and a summary of each prepared such that a comparative analysis of the three methods could be conducted. The research material was obtained with the assistance of the Navy Technical Library and through purchase of the material from the U. S. Govermnent Printing Office. Every effort has been made to obtain copies of all documents referenced in the Matrix of Major Subsystems and applicable documents of the Department of Defense Acquisition System. These documents are available from this researcher upon request

Ebü’l-Fazl el-Huzâî ve “İhtiyârâtü Min Kıraâti Ebî Hanîfe” Risalesi

هذه الدراسة تحتوي رسالة "إختيارات من قراءات أبي حنيفة رحمة الله عليه" لأبي الفضل الخذاعي وهو إمام المقرئ عاش في العصر الرابع للهجري وتقدم بعض التعليقات في هذا الموضوع. وهذه الرسالة التي أشیرت إلیها فی معظم کتب التراجم و کتب علم القراءات، تم تحقيقها على أساس نسختيها المخطوطتين: أحدهما موجودة ومسجلة في مكتبة ألمالي والأخري في مكتبة ديار بكر، وفي بداية هذا البحث توجد بعض المعلومات حول حياة المؤلف أبي الفضل الخذاعي ومؤلفاته. وهذه الرسالة التي تبدو أنها أدت إلی بعض المناقشات في فترة تألیفها وبعدها، تقدم لنا بعض المعلومات حول ترجیحات أبي حنیفة في القراءات.Bu çalışma, hicrî 4. asırda yaşamış kıraat âlimi Ebü’l-Fazl el-Huzâî’ye (ö.408/1017) ait İhtiyârâtü min kıraâti Ebî Hanîfe başlıklı risalesini ve bu esere dair bir takım değerlendirmeler sunmaktadır. Biyografi türü ve kıraat ilmine dair eserlerin büyük bir çoğunluğunda değinilen risale, Elmalı ve Diyarbakır kütüphanelerindeki yazma nüshaları esas alınarak ortaya konulmakta ve bunun öncesinde müellif el-Huzâî’nin hayatı ve eserlerine dair bilgiler aktarılmaktadır. Yazıldığı dönem ve sonrasında bir takım spekülasyonlara sebep olduğu anlaşılan Ebû Hanîfe’nin kıraat antolojisi, İmam-ı Azam’ın kıraat tercihlerine dair belli bir veriyi önümüze koymaktadır

Neutral particle Mass Spectrometry with Nanomechanical Systems

Current approaches to Mass Spectrometry (MS) require ionization of the analytes of interest. For high-mass species, the resulting charge state distribution can be complex and difficult to interpret correctly. In this article, using a setup comprising both conventional time-of-flight MS (TOF-MS) and Nano-Electro-Mechanical-Systems-based MS (NEMS-MS) in situ, we show directly that NEMS-MS analysis is insensitive to charge state: the spectrum consists of a single peak whatever the species charge state, making it significantly clearer than existing MS analysis. In subsequent tests, all charged particles are electrostatically removed from the beam, and unlike TOF-MS, NEMS-MS can still measure masses. This demonstrates the possibility to measure mass spectra for neutral particles. Thus, it is possible to envisage MS-based studies of analytes that are incompatible with current ionization techniques and the way is now open for the development of cutting edge system architectures with unique analytical capability