Ascensores. Optimização energética

Segundo um estudo recente da União Europeia , o sector dos edifícios será responsável por cerca de 40% do consumo total de energia neste espaço geográfico. Cerca de 70% do consumo de energia deste sector verificarse‐ á nos edifícios residenciais. Em Portugal, mais de 28% da energia final e 60% da energia eléctrica é consumida em edifícios. Por forma a dar cumprimento ao Protocolo de Kyoto, no qual se definiu uma drástica redução da emissão de CO2, a Comunidade Europeia emanou várias directivas que se relacionam directa ou indirectamente com a temática da utilização de energia. As mais importantes são entre outras, a Directiva 2002/91/CE de 16 de Dezembro de 2002 ‐ “EPB ‐ Energy Performance of Buildings” (Desempenho Energético de Edifícios) , transposta parcialmente para o direito nacional pelo Decreto‐Lei nº 78/2006 de 04 de Abril, e a Directiva 2005/32/CE de 06 de Julho de 2005 – “EuP – Energy Using Products” (Requisitos de concepção ecológica dos produtos que consomem energia). Os ascensores não são referidos explicitamente nestas duas directivas, quando se aborda a temática do aumento da eficiência energética. Na Directiva EPB são referidos essencialmente equipamentos técnicos dos edifícios como sistemas de aquecimento, climatização e iluminação, bem como sistemas de isolamento térmico dos edifícios. Na EuP, por sua vez, também não se indicam especificamente os ascensores, embora sejam referidos por exemplo motores eléctricos, que farão parte integrante de um ascensor. De acordo com um estudo da S.A.F.E – “Agência Suiça para a Utilização Eficiente da Energia”, realizado em 2005, os ascensores podem representar uma parte significativa do consumo de energia num edifício (o consumo energético de um ascensor poder representar em média 5% do consumo total de energia de um edifício de escritórios). Na Suiça estima‐se que o somatório do consumo de energia dos cerca de 150.000 ascensores instalados represente cerca de 0,5% do total de 280 GWh de consumo energético do país. A redução do consumo de energia nos edifícios poderá ser obtida através da melhoria das características construtivas, reduzindo dessa forma as necessidades energéticas, através de medidas de gestão da procura, no sentido de reduzir os consumos na utilização e através do recurso a equipamentos energeticamente mais eficientes. No preâmbulo da Directiva EuP refere‐se que “a melhoria da eficiência energética – de que uma das opções disponíveis consiste na utilização final mais eficiente da electricidade – é considerada um contributo importante para a realização dos objectivos de redução das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade.” Daí que seja importante estudar também a optimização energética de ascensores. No presente artigo será apresentado um resumo do estudo sobre o consumo energético realizado a uma amostra composta por 20 ascensores eléctricos instalados pela Schmitt‐Elevadores, Lda. em Portugal. Para a determinação do consumo anual de energia a partir dos dados obtidos, foi utilizado um modelo, desenvolvido com base na norma alemã VDI 4707:2009. Com base nos dados obtidos foram então identificadas diversas hipóteses de optimização, que poderão e deverão ser implementadas

Endometrial Thickness as an Orienting Factor for the Clinical Treatment of Unruptured Tubal Pregnancy

Purpose: to evaluate the importance of endometrial thickness measurement as an orienting factor for the clinical treatment of unruptured tubal pregnancy. Method: longitudinal observational study, in which the greatest measure of the endometrial thickness was evaluated in millimeters, in the uterine longitudinal axis, through transvaginal ultrasonography. Our study group included 181 patients, all of them respecting the utilization criteria for the clinical treatment (expectant or medicated with methotrexate). Through Student's t test we evaluated the difference between the average thickness of the cases who presented successful results with the treatment and the average of those who failed. Results: the average endometrial thickness of the patients who presented successful results with the medical treatment (31 cases) was 6.4 mm, while the average in the cases of failure was 11.5 mm. These results were significantly different. The average thickness of the successful group with expectant management (128 cases) was 9.0 mm, while the average of those who failed was 9.6 mm. These values were not statistically different. Conclusions: the greatest measure of the endometrial thickness of the uterine longitudinal axis through transvaginal ultrasonography proved to be valuable as a new orienting factor for the medical treatment of patients with a diagnosis of unruptured tubal pregnancy. It may become a useful and auxiliary tool for the recommendation of the use of methotrexate. On the other hand, thickness did not show to be useful as an orienting factor for establishing expectant management.Objetivos: avaliar a contribuição da medida da espessura endometrial como fator orientador do tratamento clínico da gravidez tubária íntegra. Métodos: estudo observacional longitudinal, no qual se avaliou a maior medida da espessura endometrial em milímetros, no eixo longitudinal uterino, por meio da ultra-sonografia transvaginal, parâmetro que foi correlacionado com a evolução dos casos. Foram incluídas no estudo 181 pacientes que respeitaram os critérios de utilização para o tratamento clínico (expectante ou medicamentoso com metotrexato). Por meio do teste t de Student avaliamos a diferença entre a média da espessura endometrial dos casos que evoluíram com sucesso da terapêutica e a dos casos com fracasso do tratamento. Resultados: a média dos valores da espessura endometrial das pacientes que evoluíram com sucesso do tratamento medicamentoso (31 casos) foi 6,4 mm, ao passo que a média entre as que evoluíram com falha do tratamento foi de foi 11,5 mm. A diferença entre os valores foi significante. Já a média da espessura do grupo com sucesso da conduta expectante (128 casos) foi 9,0 mm, ao passo que a média entre as pacientes para as quais houve fracasso foi 9,6 mm. A análise estatística destes valores mostra que não há diferença significante. Conclusões: a maior medida da espessura endometrial no eixo longitudinal uterino por meio da ultra-sonografia transvaginal mostrou validade como novo fator orientador do tratamento medicamentoso nas pacientes com diagnóstico de gravidez tubária íntegra, podendo se tornar ferramenta útil e auxiliar na indicação do uso do metotrexato. No entanto, a espessura não mostrou validade como fator orientador do estabelecimento da conduta expectante.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de ObstetríciaUNIFESP, Depto. de ObstetríciaSciEL

A homozygous Keap1-knockout human embryonic stem cell line generated using CRISPR/Cas9 mediates gene targeting

Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (keap1) is a cysteine-rich protein that interacts with transcription factor Nrf2 in a redox-sensitive manner, leading to the degradation of Nrf2 (Kim et al., 2014a). Disruption of Keap1 results in the induction of Nrf2-related signaling pathways involving the expression of a set of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory genes. We generated biallelic mutants of the Keap1 gene using a CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing method in the H9 human embryonic stem cell (hESC). The Keap1 homozygous-knockout H9 cell line retained normal morphology, gene expression, and in vivo differentiation potential. (C) 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.

High-intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation of Soft-tissue Tumors and Assessment of Treatment Response with Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Preliminary Study Using Rabbit VX2 Tumor Model

BackgroundHigh-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is an emerging technique for noninvasive ablative treatment. However, HIFU has rarely been performed for the treatment of soft-tissue tumors. Thus, we aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of performing extracorporeal HIFU for the treatment of soft-tissue tumor. The treatment response was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques.Materials and methodsIn the rabbit VX2 intramuscular tumor model, HIFU was performed using an extracorporeal HIFU device (YDME FEP-BY02) by varying the electric power from 50 to 400 W, with the other parameters being fixed. The HIFU beam was insonated to one layer of focal spots having a depth of 8 mm. The degree of ablation was evaluated by histological examination and functional MRI techniques including dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map. The presence of skin burn was also evaluated.ResultsApplying HIFU with an electric power of 200 W discretely produced the ablation zone without skin burn as planned before treatment (maximal depth: 8–9 mm), which shows the suitability of using HIFU (with 200 W electric power) for the treatment of soft-tissue tumors. By contrast, HIFU with an electric power of 100 W produced an ill-marginated ablation zone with internal residual tumor foci, and HIFU with 300–400 W produced ablation zones with a maximum depth of 13–24 mm, which far exceeded the planned depth and caused skin burn. Perfusion maps of DCE-MRI demonstrated the devascularized ablation zone more conspicuously than conventional contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images, and ADC map demonstrated the surrounding edema or granulation tissue better than conventional T2-weighted images.ConclusionExtracorporeal HIFU treatment for soft-tissue tumor may be a feasible approach with adjustment of input energy level. For post-treatment assessment, functional MRI techniques including DCE-MRI and ADC map may be useful and complementary to conventional MRI

Natural progress of D-dimer following total joint arthroplasty: a baseline for the diagnosis of the early postoperative infection

Background Early detection followed by prompt intervention is essential for the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product, characteristically changes rapidly during early postoperative period and has a short half-life. The aim of this prospective study was to measure postoperative change of D-dimer level after joint arthroplasty in conjunction with ESR and CRP. Methods ESR, CRP, and D-dimer levels were measured on the day before surgery, postoperative days 1, 2, 3, and 5 and weeks 2 and 6 in 65 patients who underwent elective primary total hip arthroplasty (38 hips in 38 patients) or total knee arthroplasty (27 knees in 27 patients). We compared perioperative changes of the three biomarkers. Results ESR level was elevated from postoperative day 1 and reached a peak level of 45 mm/h at postoperative day 5. The elevation persisted until postoperative week 6. CRP level was elevated from postoperative day 1 and reached a peak level of 10 mg/dl between postoperative day 2 and day 3. The CRP level was decreased to the normal level around postoperative week 2. D-dimer level was sharply elevated and peaked to 4.5 μg/dl at postoperative day 1. At postoperative day 2, it decreased to baseline level. After then, it slowly elevated again and reached a second peak at postoperative week 2. Conclusion D-dimer showed a more rapid rise and fall than ESR and CRP in very early postoperative period. The D-dimer test might be effective in early detection of PJI, if combined with levels of ESR and CRP. The postoperative change of D-dimer in our study can serve as a baseline for early diagnosis of PJI.This study was supported by Corentec (Cheonan, South Korea)

Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Can Be Enhanced by Cold Challenge Independently From Beigeing Effects

In this study, we investigated the effects of cold challenge on adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) and hippocampal gene expression and whether these are mediated by beigeing of peripheral fat tissues. Cold challenge (6 ± 2°C) for 1 and 4 weeks was found to induce beigeing effects in inguinal white adipose tissue based on hematoxylin and eosin staining as well as uncoupled protein-1 immunohistochemical staining. In the hippocampus, cold challenge for 1 or 4 weeks increased dentate gyrus neurogenesis and expression of genes related to AHN, including notch signaling, G protein-coupled receptor signaling, and adrenergic beta receptor-1. However, this enhancement of neurogenesis and gene expression by cold challenge was not shown by administration of CL 316,243, which induces peripheral beigeing similar to cold challenge but does not cross the blood–brain barrier. These results suggest that cold challenge promotes AHN and central expression of AHN-related, signaling, and β1-adrenergic receptors genes, and that peripheral beigeing by itself is not sufficient to mediate these effects. Considering the increase in AHN and gene expression changes, cold challenge may offer a novel approach to hippocampal modulation