413 research outputs found
A Cartesian grid-based boundary integral method for moving interface problems
This paper proposes a Cartesian grid-based boundary integral method for
efficiently and stably solving two representative moving interface problems,
the Hele-Shaw flow and the Stefan problem. Elliptic and parabolic partial
differential equations (PDEs) are reformulated into boundary integral equations
and are then solved with the matrix-free generalized minimal residual (GMRES)
method. The evaluation of boundary integrals is performed by solving equivalent
and simple interface problems with finite difference methods, allowing the use
of fast PDE solvers, such as fast Fourier transform (FFT) and geometric
multigrid methods. The interface curve is evolved utilizing the
variables instead of the more commonly used variables. This choice
simplifies the preservation of mesh quality during the interface evolution. In
addition, the approach enables the design of efficient and stable
time-stepping schemes to remove the stiffness that arises from the curvature
term. Ample numerical examples, including simulations of complex viscous
fingering and dendritic solidification problems, are presented to showcase the
capability of the proposed method to handle challenging moving interface
problems
Cloning and biochemical characterization of a novel lipolytic gene from activated sludge metagenome, and its gene product
In this study, a putative esterase, designated EstMY, was isolated from an activated sludge metagenomic library. The lipolytic gene was subcloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 using the pET expression system. The gene estMY contained a 1,083 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 360 amino acids with a molecular mass of 38 kDa. Sequence analysis indicated that it showed 71% and 52% amino acid identity to esterase/lipase from marine metagenome (ACL67845) and Burkholderia ubonensis Bu (ZP_02382719), respectively; and several conserved regions were identified, including the putative active site, GDSAG, a catalytic triad (Ser203, Asp301, and His327) and a HGGG conserved motif (starting from His133). The EstMY was determined to hydrolyse p-nitrophenyl (NP) esters of fatty acids with short chain lengths (ā¤C8). This EstMY exhibited the highest activity at 35Ā°C and pH 8.5 respectively, by hydrolysis of p-NP caprylate. It also exhibited the same level of activity over wide temperature and pH spectra and in the presence of metal ions or detergents. The high level of stability of esterase EstMY with unique substrate specificities makes it highly valuable for downstream biotechnological applications
ADI schemes for heat equations with irregular boundaries and interfaces in 3D with applications
In this paper, efficient alternating direction implicit (ADI) schemes are
proposed to solve three-dimensional heat equations with irregular boundaries
and interfaces. Starting from the well-known Douglas-Gunn ADI scheme, a
modified ADI scheme is constructed to mitigate the issue of accuracy loss in
solving problems with time-dependent boundary conditions. The unconditional
stability of the new ADI scheme is also rigorously proven with the Fourier
analysis. Then, by combining the ADI schemes with a 1D kernel-free boundary
integral (KFBI) method, KFBI-ADI schemes are developed to solve the heat
equation with irregular boundaries. In 1D sub-problems of the KFBI-ADI schemes,
the KFBI discretization takes advantage of the Cartesian grid and preserves the
structure of the coefficient matrix so that the fast Thomas algorithm can be
applied to solve the linear system efficiently. Second-order accuracy and
unconditional stability of the KFBI-ADI schemes are verified through several
numerical tests for both the heat equation and a reaction-diffusion equation.
For the Stefan problem, which is a free boundary problem of the heat equation,
a level set method is incorporated into the ADI method to capture the
time-dependent interface. Numerical examples for simulating 3D dendritic
solidification phenomenons are also presented
An On-line Test for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Flue Gas from Coal Combustion in an FBC System
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants that have received considerable attention because of their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. Due to the extensive amount of data suggesting the hazards of these compounds, 16 PAHs are on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Priority Pollutant List. These compounds are often emitted into the atmosphere by way of combustion processes. Thus, analysis of these compounds during coal combustion is an important task. Three 1000-hour coal combustion burns were performed using the 0.1 MW (0.3 m) bench-scale Fluidized Bed Combustor (FBC) in the Combustion Laboratory at Western Kentucky University. The data for this thesis were collected from the second and third 1000-hour experiments. An in-situ sampling system was designed for 16 PAHs specified by EPA, which consisted of a glass wool filter, condenser, glass fiber filter, Teflon filter, and Tenax. The filters and Tenax were extracted by methylene chloride and hexane, respectively, followed by GC/MS analysis using the Selective Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode. The detection limits for each of the sixteen PAHs are as low as lppb. In this study, the effects of combustion temperature, combustion bed height, fluidizing velocity, excess air ratio, and the ratio of secondary air to primary air (air staging combustion) on the emissions of PAHs were studied. The results indicated that the emissions of PAHs in an FBC system were dependent on the combustion conditions. PAHs are mainly produced by incomplete combustion. Incomplete combustion results in larger PAHs with four or more benzene rings. High efficiency combustion results in smaller PAHs with two or three benzene rings
Power frequency interference and suppression in measurement of power transmission tower grounding resistance
āIf you want peace, work for justice.ā ā Pope Paul VI
This paper explores how the childrenās right to be heard is implemented in the criminal proceedings in Romania and Norway. The judicial practices in the two countries are analysed in relation to four elements identified in the literature as relevant to the childās right to be heard- space, voice, audience and influence. The two juvenile justice systems are then compared to each other, as well as to international best practices, with the final aim of identifying small-scale measures worth disseminating in Romania and Norway to strengthen the effectiveness of childās right to be heard. The paper argues that a more effective implementation of the childrenās right to be heard strengthen all the array of the childrenās rights, makes the juvenile justice system more child-friendly and facilitates the transition from conflict and punitive justice towards positive peace.
Keywords: right of the child to be heard, juvenile justice, childrenās rights, child-friendly justic
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