Study on adsorption behavior of alkaline protease on poly(ether sulfone) integrated with fish scale hydroxyapatite as self organized in ion exchange membrane

This study was performed to investigate the physiochemical effect on the protease adsorption produced by Bacillus sp. using highly specific ion exchange membrane (IExM). Effects of pH solution (adjusted with HCl and NaOH), ionic strength (adjusted by NaCl), and initial concentration on adsorption study were performed by using affinity polyethersulfone (PES) membrane integrated with fish scale hydroxyapatite (FSHAp), FSHAp/PES IExM. At 1.0 M, the maximum adsorption capacity was recorded by 0.229 mg/cm2 in 90 minutes incubation time. The optimum pH was found to be at pH 8 with adsorption capacity of 0.211 mg/cm2 in 90 minutes incubation time. The optimum adsorption capacity with 0.204 mg/cm2 was observed when adsorption study performed with initial concentration at 0.9 mg/ml. Experimental data showed the protease adsorbed higher in alkaline condition compared to acidic solution. Further experiment showed that increase in ionic strength leads to noticeable increase in adsorption capacity which is due to aggregation of enzyme molecules in solution. The adsorption study also showed great adsorption behavior when high initial concentration applied as high number of free enzyme molecule to be adsorbed

Rapid-Slow Sand Filtration for Groundwater Treatment: Effect of Filtration Velocity and Initial Head Loss

Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are two of many substances that causing harm to human health and various environmental contamination. This study investigates the performance of rapid sand filter as an improvement to the existing commercial filter media. Rapid sand filters were tested using groundwater collected from Kg Budi Kelantan. Groundwater collected were tested using seven velocities ranging from 0.89 to 5.04ml/hr. The concentration of Mn, Fe and turbidity of the treated groundwater were compared. It is found that the highest Mn, Fe and turbidity removal were recorded by using velocity of 4.38ml/hr followed by 2.95ml/hr and 2.4 ml/hr. These three velocities represent more than 95% removal of final treated groundwater, where final Fe, Mn and turbidity ranging from 0.06 mg/L to 0.09 mg/L, 0 to 0.4 mg/L and 0.9 to 3.0 NTU, respectively. A positive trend also recorded where the initial head loss of the sand filter is directly proportional to the flow velocity. This means the filter media was still under a clean condition and no accumulation of sediment deposit occurs. The significance of this study to treat groundwater by removing the iron and manganese especially in rural areas were achieved successfully

Synthesis, characterisation and evaluation on the performance of ferrofluid for microplastic removal from synthetic and actual wastewater

Synthesis of ferrofluid without the addition of stabilizing agents or surfactants is an innovation of new method for microplastic removal. This study focuses on the ability of several types of oils as carriers and how they may improve the removal efficiency of the microplastic. The method is relatively low cost, simple and sustainable. The formation of ferrofluid involved the mixing of oil and iron oxide powder. The experimental work was commenced by adding 2 mm polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics into synthetic ferrofluid. Then, the removal efficiency of microplastics was examined by varying the elements of ferrofluid based on three specific parameters, namely type of oil, volume of oil and dosage of iron oxide to obtain a standard formulation of the optimum results. Overall findings of the study indicated that the optimum formulation for ferrofluid preparation was at a ratio of 1:2.5 (volume of oil: dosage of magnetite) using lubricating oil which has successfully removed 99% of microplastic from water media. Subsequently, the physical and chemical properties of the prepared ferrofluid were also analysed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Performance evaluation of the prepared ferrofluid on actual wastewater (laundry wastewater) revealed that 64% of microplastics were removed after treatment

LYSOZYME TRANSMISSION THROUGH POLYMERIC BASED ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANE: EFFECT OF PH AND IONIC STRENGTH

ABSTRACT Fractionation and purification of complex protein mixture has becomes a great interest and has attracted a considerable amount of attention in recent years. This study aimed is to demonstrate the factors influencing the lysozyme separation through polyethersulfone ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. Asymmetric UF membrane with 15% polymer composition (UF15) was developed via phase inversion technique. Membrane was characterized in term of morphology, membrane surface charge and molecular weight cut-off to ensure its suitability for lysozyme separation. Effect of pH on the transmission of lysozyme through the UF15 membrane has been examined at different pH (5, 7, 9, 11 and 13) and ionic strength (0.1M, 0.2M and 0.3M). Results displayed that at optimum pressure 3 bars, permeation with pH 9 and 0.1M ionic strength of feed solution obtained the optimum flux and lysozyme transmission for about 36.6 x 10 -5 m 3 /m 2 and 92.9%, respectively. This study has proved that pH and ionic strength were found to be greatly affected the lysozyme transmission and promoted the lysozyme separation to a significant degree

Axial vibration mode of coupled liquid-structure-gas system in a rigid cylindrical container

This paper describes the axial vibration analysis of a closed ends rigid cylindrical container containing liquid and gas which separated by a thin circular plate at their interface. The liquid depths inside the container were varied and then the mode of vibration and the natural frequencies were analyzed. The natural frequencies obtained experimentally were compared favorably with those of commercial finite element analysis software, ANSYS. The vibration mode of the liquid-structure interaction of the tank system can be visualized from the software post processing animation/plot. The visualized modes are also consistent with the measurement by the respective experimental transducers. It was found that strong coupling predominantly occur between liquid and structure. In weak coupling conditions, the modes are predominantly gas mod

Penyertaan kaum wanita dalam keusahawanan luar bandar

Entrepreneurship as catalyst that is believed to be able to change and improve the lives of communities.Thus, the participation of community members in entrepreneurship is deemed necessary and demanded to ensure the effectiveness of the activity, particularly in rural areas. Women participation can help an entrepreneurship grows more rapidly in the direction of generating and improving standard of living of the community. However, the level of women participation in entrepreneurship is still low.Many factors need to be identified in influencing the level of participation of community members in the entrepreneurship.These factors should be examined in depth as they influence the direction of entrepreneurship undertaken.Besides, what other aspects that should be given an attention in generating and encourage women participation in entrepreneurship in rural areas? Through active participation among members of the community, it is hoped that rural entrepreneurship and expansion will continue to move towards another potential source of prosperity and success in rural areas

Polysulfone/Cellulose Acetate Phthalate/Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PSf/CAP/PVP) Blend Membranes: Effect of Evaporation Time on Blend Membrane Characteristics

Recently, researchers proved that the evaporation time during the membrane fabrication process has a significant effect on the characteristics and performance of membranes. In this study, flat sheet asymmetric polysulfone/cellulose acetate phthalate/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PSf/CAP/PVP) blend membranes were fabricated at different evaporation time in the range of 0–20 s to investigate the effect of the evaporation time on characteristics of the blend membranes. The PSf/CAP/PVP blend membranes were characterized in terms of water content, porosity, pure water flux and permeability coefficient. The results showed that an increase of evaporation time from 0 to 20 s has resulted in decreasing of water content and porosity of the PSf/CAP/PVP blend membranes. The permeation water flux of the blend membrane was decreased with the increment of evaporation time. This indicated that an increase of evaporation time would lead to a decrease of the membrane permeability coefficient and hence increased the membrane resistance to permeation of water through the membranes

Properties and evaluation of functionalized mixed membrane adsorbents for the adsorption of vanillic acid from palm oil waste

Identifying factors that can improve the ability of mixed matrix membrane (MMM) adsorbents to isolate phenolic chemicals from palm oil waste is a major challenge. This study prepared a mixed matrix membrane with improved efficiency using a quaternary doping solution and a hydroxyapatite (HAp) filler and denoted as modified mixed matrix membrane (MMMHAp). Prior to use, HAp powder obtained from eggshells calcined at different temperatures was evaluated as an absorbent for the desired phenolic compounds. All the prepared HAp and MMMHAp powders were evaluated for their properties by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). For this study, vanillic acid was selected as a phenolic chemical because it is widely used in the pharmaceutical, biomedical and food industries. The optimal adsorption and vanillic acid isolation from crude palm oil samples by MMMHAp occurred using an acetate buffer solution with a pH of 8. The data from the equilibrium adsorption study were also in agreement with the Freundlich isotherm, as the R2 value was 0.9900 suggesting heterogeneous adsorption of vanillic acid on the surface of MMMHAp. The kinetic adsorption study clearly shows a pseudo-second-order fit (R2=0.9992), suggesting that chemisorption occurs between the adsorbed substance and the adsorbent. The modified membrane (MMMHAp) has characteristics of its finger-like structures is more elongated and connected to the porous layer, indicating that the incorporation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into the membrane enhances the adsorption of vanillic acid from real sample and has the highest adsorption capacity of 170.8 mg/g. These results show that this improved MMMHAp can be developed and used for waste utilization to obtain useful materials

Integration of Copperas and <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Seeds as Hybrid Coagulant for Turbidity and Ammonia Removal from Aquaculture Wastewater

The rapid development of the aquaculture industry has contributed to the high amount of nutrients in wastewater that subsequently led to eutrophication and deterioration of water quality. Aquaculture wastewater consists of uneaten fish feed, fecal and other excretion or residue of chemicals used. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of hybrid coagulants of Moringa oleifera (MO) and copperas for aquaculture wastewater treatment. In this present study, different formulations of MO and copperas were explored in the coagulation treatment of aquaculture wastewater using a jar test experiment. The FTIR and SEM analysis are used to determine the morphology and surface of MO. This study focuses on the effect of coagulant aids formulation, coagulant dosage, the effect of initial pH and coagulation time on turbidity and ammonia removal in the coagulation of aquaculture wastewater. The finding shows that the highest removal of turbidity and ammonia was obtained with the use of 80% MO and 20% copperas at the condition of initial pH of 6 at 20 min of coagulation time, with the highest percentage removal of 66% and 91%, respectively. The coagulation isotherm of hybrid coagulant 80:20 is well described with the Freundlich isotherm model which describes the surface heterogeneity

Recent Advances in Measuring and Controlling Biofouling of Seawater Reverse Osmosis SWRO: A Review

This study presents recent literature that sheds light on the SWRO membrane biofouling, Inventory of causes, consequences, measurement, and possible solutions. In particular, biofouling of SWRO is considered as one of the challenges faced by seawater desalination today. For seawater desalination, mitigating membrane biofouling is essentially required and yet to be overcome. Specific shortcomings and prospective solutions are reviewed towards understanding the biofouling mechanism, pretreatment impacts, level of assimilable nutrients, and real-time monitoring. Accordingly, this review aims to address recent advances in biological fouling measurements and control to better understand biofouling and the best ways of dealing with such a challenging issue