The age-structured population models : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mathematics at Massey University

Mathematical theories of population dynamics have been derived and have been effectively used in the last two hundred years. These theories have appeared both implicitly and explicitly in many important studies of populations: human populations, as well as populations of animals, cells and viruses. The aim of this thesis is to understand how these models have developed with a view to an improved formulation. Nowadays, the structured model can be considered to be of great importance and use. Mathematicians have realised that in real biological and ecological situations, a model should be developed which is at least structured on age especially with higher order animals, for example human and possum populations, so in this thesis we pay much attention to these type of population models. We shall also be discussing the qualitative nature of the solutions to the model: such as the long-term behaviour, steady-age distribution and the stability of the solution in great details. In chapter 1, we begin with the historical background of the unstructured population in which the properties of individuals are ignored and only the total population is considered. The Malthusian and Verhulst model are set as examples. We then proceed in chapter 2 with the simplest McKendrick's age- structured population model. In chapter 3, we shall show how Laplace transform can be used to solved the problem. We have also chosen some arbitrary functions for either one or both the birth and/or death rate, so that we can make deductions from the assumption of these special cases. Chapter 4, discusses the long-term behaviour: steady age distribution (s.a.d.) and the stability of the solution being analysed. We then generalise the linear age- dependent population model in chapter 5 to a non-linear age-dependent model where the limiting effects (overcrowding and limitation of resources) has an effect, on the specific age class only. Chapter 6 discusses the more realistic non-linear model similar to that described in chapter 5 but here the limiting effects have an effect on the whole population. Finally, we realise that since these models need to be tested, we shall, in chapter 7 test our model with possum populations on data collected from the Orongorongo Valley in Wellington. And then make suggestions for future work in Chapter 8

WCDMA in Malaysia

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) A 3G highspeed digital data service provided by cellular carriers that use the time division multiplexing (TDMA) or GSM technology worldwide, including AT&T (formerly Cingular) and T-Mobile in the U.S. WCDMA works on WCDMA cell phones as well as laptops and portable devices with WCDMA modems [1]. Users have typically experienced downstream data rates up to 400 Kbps [1]. WCDMA has been used in the Japanese Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA) system and in the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); a third generation follow-on to the 2G GSM networks deployed worldwide [1]. Although TDMA and GSM carriers both use TDMA modulation, WCDMA stems from CDMA. Part of the 3GPP initiative, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) refers to WCDMA as the Direct Sequence (DS) interface within the IMT-2000 global 3G standards [1]

Upaya peningkatan aktivitas siswa dalam pembelajaran PKN dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif jigsaw

Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan menuntut siswa menunjukkan sikap yang baik, kreatif, dan bertanggungjawab. Tapi kenyataan di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa tujuan pembelajaran PKn belum tercapai sebagaimana yang diharapkan. Seringkali guru menemukan siswa tidak berani mengemukakan pendapat maupun bertanya. Dalam bekerja kelompok banyak dari anggota kelompok yang hanya mencantumkan nama saja tanpa ikut berpartisipasi dalam kelompok. Tanggungjawab siswa rendah, baik terhadap dirinya sendiri (individu) maupun terhadap kelompok. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kelas VII B, semester 2, tahun pelajaran 2007/2008 di SD N 008 Malinau Kota. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk meningkatkan aktivitas siswa dalam pembelajaran PKn. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) yang terdiri dari dua siklus dan setiap siklus terdiri dari dua kali pertemuan. Alat pengumpul data yang digunakan adalah lembaran observasi, catatan lapangan, dan kuesioner

Antilock braking control using robust control approach

The aims of this study are to establish the mathematical model and the robust control technique for an Antilock Braking System (ABS). The ABS have been developed to reduce tendency of wheel lock up and to improve vehicle control during sudden braking. The ABS work by maintaining the wheel slip to a desired level so that maximum tractive force and maximum vehicle deceleration is obtained, thus reducing the vehicle stopping distance. A quarter vehicle model undergoing straightline braking maneuver, tire dynamics and hydraulic brake dynamics mathematical model are developed to represent the ABS model. The established mathematical model shows the ABS dynamics exhibits strong nonlinear characteristics. Thus, Sliding Mode Control which is a robust control technique is proposed in this study to regulate the wheel slip at the desired value depending on the road surface. The mathematical derivations proved the designed controller satisfy the stability requirement. Extensive simulation study is performed to verify the effectiveness of the designed controller and the result shows the designed controller able to maintain the wheel slip at the desired value and reducing the stopping distanc

THE ART OF RHETORIC USING STYLISTIC DEVICES IN WORLD UNIVERSITIES DEBATING CHAMPIONSHIP: A Study of Pragmatics

Debating is recognized as a way of doing persuasion in speech that deals with four points of debate pillars, for instance: assertion, reasoning, evidence, and link back. There are two formats on parliamentary debating competitions; Asian and British. The format of worlds is British Parliamentary debate, which consists of eight debaters divided into four teams, two on the pro-position and other two on the opposition, and allows debaters 15 minutes of preparation and doing the case building before engaging in the round (Harvey-Smith, 2011; Johnson, 2009; Lising, 2010). Over past few years, every country’s debater champions have been gathered and involved in a high level of debate atmosphere to compete each other as their country’s representatives to have worlds’ champion title. In conjunction to the glance of forewords, researcher will analyze annual world most prestigious debating championship, WUDC 2016, which took place in Thessaloniki, Greece. The study will use descriptive qualitative method. The source of this research is taken from video streaming on Youtube that shows ESL grand final round between University of Indonesia team A (Indonesia) as Prime Minister (PM) and RWTH Aachen team A (Germany) as leader of opposition (LO). This approach is intended to answer: (1) What stylistic devices appear in World Universities Debating Championship 2016? (2) What kinds of illocutionary act appear and how its perlocutionary impacts the opponent side’s respond that results in rebuttal? This analysis is based on Aristotle (1991) and Searle (1979) which result is expected to reveal the technique of how debaters unconsciously deliver their persuasive speech in front of adjudicator core

Implementasi Kebijakan Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 Terhadap Kinerja Badan Legislasi Dprd Kabupaten Morowali

This study aims to analyze the process of policy implementation of Law Number 32 Year 2004 on the performance of Legislation Morowali Regency, informants in the study consisted of the Chairman of Parliament Chairman of Faction Chairperson of the Commission, Member, SKPD. While the data analysis technique used is to reduce the data, presenting data, and describe and conclude and verify the data. The results showed the policy implementation process of the Act No. 32 of 2004 on the performance of Legislation Morowali district legislature has not so it can be a maximum of three indicators to measure in this study such as: first, communication was limited to communication which is run at the level of members of the Board legislation alone without involving stakeholders in the district Morowali. Second, the resources owned by a local parliament member Morowali inadequate. Third, the disposition is a member of Legislation lack of awareness of the responsibilities that have been run in to mandate him. While the factors that affect members of the legislature in carrying out the task is First Area. The total area owned by the District Morowali greatly affect the performance of a member of Legislation Morowali district legislature because most members of the legislative districts are located at a distance away from where they worked as a representative of the people. the lack of creativity and innovation in policy have so that the initiative comes from the Legislation is still so lacking. Should be as representative of the people expected to turn up the initiative of representatives of the legislative initiatives discussed based on the interests of their constituents without having to wait for the draft that is given by the executive

Web-based learning environment based on students’ needs

Traditional learning needs to be improved since it does not involve active learning among students. Therefore, in the twenty-first century, the development of internet technology in the learning environment has become the main needs of each student. One of the learning environments to meet the needs of the teaching and learning process is a web-based learning environment. This study aims to identify the characteristics of a webbased learning environment that supports students’ learning needs. The study involved 542 students from fifteen faculties in a public higher education institution in Malaysia. A quantitative method was used to collect the data via a questionnaire survey by randomly. The findings indicate that the characteristics of a web-based learning environment that support students’ needs in the process of learning are online discussion forum, lecture notes, assignments, portfolio, and chat. In conclusion, the students overwhelmingly agreed that online discussion forum is the highest requirement because the tool can provide a space for students and teachers to share knowledge and experiences related to teaching and learning