Gestion Des Risques Majeurs Au Maroc: Les Instabilités De Terrain

Instabilities of the ground is regarded as one of the most serious problems that affect many areas in Morocco. The study is important and beneficial because it concerns various sections of the Rif area. Indeed, certain zones which came at the top have been seriously affected. Disorders are numerous: destruction of homes, loss of agricultural land, and deterioration of infrastructure (roads, railways, and bridges). The aim of this study is focused on the zones where the road network generally is much damaged. This, however, causes a disturbance and even an interruption of the road traffic during stormy periods. The detailed study of lithology, climatology, geomorphology, hydrology, and the slope of the studied zones allows us to highlight the characteristics of the unstable grounds. It also helped us to figure out that the rheological nature of the ground plays a significant role in the characterization of the type of movement.The analysis of various movements which was found enables us to conclude that an instability of the ground depends on the conjunction on many factors, whether they are of provision or release. The most important factors causing the instabilities of the ground are: The alternation of rocks of nature; permeability and plasticity were well contrasted. The rugged relief and steep slopes. Geotechnical properties. Seismicity. Irregular rainfall. Geomorphology and land use. Anthropogenic action. Spatial distribution of the risk zones shows that the majority of the studied sections experience strong risks and medium risks levels

Performance of Repeated Measures of (1–3)-β-D-Glucan, Mannan Antigen, and Antimannan Antibodies for the Diagnosis of Invasive Candidiasis in ICU Patients: A Preplanned Ancillary Analysis of the EMPIRICUS Randomized Clinical Trial

International audienceBackground. We aimed to assess the prognostic value of repeated measurements of serum (1-3)-β-D-glucan (BDG), mannanantigen (mannan-Ag), and antimannan antibodies (antimannan-Ab) for the occurrence of invasive candidiasis (IC) in a high-risk nonimmunocompromised population. Methods. This was a preplanned ancillary analysis of the EMPIRICUS Randomized Clinical Trial, including nonimmunocompromised critically ill patients with intensive care unit-acquired sepsis, multiple Candida colonization, and multiple organ failure who were exposed to broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. BDG (>80 and >250 pg/mL), mannan-Ag (>125 pg/ mL), and antimannan-Ab (>10 AU) were collected repeatedly. We used cause-specific hazard models. Biomarkers were assessed at baseline in the whole cohort (cohort 1). Baseline covariates and/or repeated measurements and/or increased biomarkers were then studied in the subgroup of patients who were still alive at day 3 and free of IC (cohort 2). Results. Two hundred thirty-four patients were included, and 215 were still alive and free of IC at day 3. IC developed in 27 patients (11.5%), and day 28 mortality was 29.1%. Finally, BDG >80 pg/mL at inclusion was associated with an increased risk of IC (CSHR[IC], 4.67; 95% CI, 1.61-13.5) but not death (CSHR[death], 1.20; 95% CI, 0.71-2.02). Conclusions. Among high-risk patients, a first measurement of BDG >80 pg/mL was strongly associated with the occurrence of IC. Neither a cutoff of 250 pg/mL nor repeated measurements of fungal biomarkers seemed to be useful to predict the occurrence of IC. The cumulative risk of IC in the placebo group if BDG >80 pg/mL was 25.39%, which calls into question the efficacy of empirical therapy in this subgroup