164 research outputs found
The New Views as to the Morphology of the Thymus Gland and Their Bearing on the Problem of the Function of the Thymus
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Diffuse transport and spin accumulation in a Rashba two-dimensional electron gas
The Rashba Hamiltonian describes the splitting of the conduction band as a
result of spin-orbit coupling in the presence of an asymmetric confinement
potential and is commonly used to model the electronic structure of confined
narrow-gap semiconductors. Due to the mixing of spin states some care has to be
exercised in the calculation of transport properties. We derive the diffusive
conductance tensor for a disordered two-dimensional electron gas with
spin-orbit interaction and show that the applied bias induces a spin
accumulation, but that the electric current is not spin-polarized.Comment: REVTeX4 format, 5 page
Spin-drift transport and its applications
We study the generation of non-equilibrium spin currents in systems with
spatially-inhomogeneous magnetic potentials. For sufficiently high current
densities, the spin polarization can be transported over distances
significantly exceeding the intrinsic spin-diffusion length. This enables
applications that are impossible within the conventional spin-diffusion regime.
Specifically, we propose dc measurement schemes for the carrier spin relaxation
times, and , as well as demonstrate the possibility of spin species
separation by driving current through a region with an inhomogeneous magnetic
potential.Comment: 4 pages, 2 eps figure
Spin Orientation and Spin Precession in Inversion-Asymmetric Quasi Two-Dimensional Electron Systems
Inversion asymmetry induced spin splitting of the electron states in quasi
two-dimensional (2D) systems can be attributed to an effective magnetic field B
which varies in magnitude and orientation as a function of the in-plane wave
vector k||. Using a realistic 8x8 Kane model that fully takes into account spin
splitting because of both bulk inversion asymmetry and structure inversion
asymmetry we investigate the spin orientation and the effective field B for
different configurations of a quasi 2D electron system. It is shown that these
quantities depend sensitively on the crystallographic direction in which the
quasi 2D system was grown as well as on the magnitude and orientation of the
in-plane wave vector k||. These results are used to discuss how spin-polarized
electrons can precess in the field B(k||). As a specific example we consider
GaInAs-InP quantum wells.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
Direct Observation of Field-Induced Incommensurate Fluctuations in a One-Dimensional S=1/2 Antiferromagnet
Neutron scattering from copper benzoate, Cu(C6D5COO)2 3D2O, provides the
first direct experimental evidence for field-dependent incommensurate low
energy modes in a one-dimensional spin S = 1/2 antiferromagnet. Soft modes
occur for wavevectors q=\pi +- dq(H) where dq(H) ~ 2 \pi M(H)/g\mu_B as
predicted by Bethe ansatz and spinon descriptions of the S = 1/2 chain.
Unexpected was a field-induced energy gap , where
as determined from specific heat measurements. At H = 7 T
(g\mu_B H/J = 0.52), the magnitude of the gap varies from 0.06 - 0.3 J
depending on the orientation of the applied field.Comment: 11 pages, 5 postscript figures, LaTeX, Submitted to PRL 3/31/97,
e-mail comments to [email protected]
Coherent spin valve phenomena and electrical spin injection in ferromagnetic/semiconductor/ferromagnetic junctions
Coherent quantum transport in ferromagnetic/ semiconductor/ ferromagnetic
junctions is studied theoretically within the Landauer framework of ballistic
transport. We show that quantum coherence can have unexpected implications for
spin injection and that some intuitive spintronic concepts which are founded in
semi-classical physics no longer apply: A quantum spin-valve (QSV) effect
occurs even in the absence of a net spin polarized current flowing through the
device, unlike in the classical regime. The converse effect also arises, i.e. a
zero spin-valve signal for a non-vanishing spin-current. We introduce new
criteria useful for analyzing quantum and classical spin transport phenomena
and the relationships between them. The effects on QSV behavior of
spin-dependent electron transmission at the interfaces, interface Schottky
barriers, Rashba spin-orbit coupling and temperature, are systematically
investigated. While the signature of the QSV is found to be sensitive to
temperature, interestingly, that of its converse is not. We argue that the QSV
phenomenon can have important implications for the interpretation of
spin-injection in quantum spintronic experiments with spin-valve geometries.Comment: 15 pages including 11 figures. To appear in PR
Filtering spin with tunnel-coupled electron wave guides
We show how momentum-resolved tunneling between parallel electron wave guides
can be used to observe and exploit lifting of spin degeneracy due to Rashba
spin-orbit coupling. A device is proposed that achieves spin filtering without
using ferromagnets or the Zeeman effect.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, RevTex
Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications
Spintronics, or spin electronics, involves the study of active control and
manipulation of spin degrees of freedom in solid-state systems. This article
reviews the current status of this subject, including both recent advances and
well-established results. The primary focus is on the basic physical principles
underlying the generation of carrier spin polarization, spin dynamics, and
spin-polarized transport in semiconductors and metals. Spin transport differs
from charge transport in that spin is a nonconserved quantity in solids due to
spin-orbit and hyperfine coupling. The authors discuss in detail spin
decoherence mechanisms in metals and semiconductors. Various theories of spin
injection and spin-polarized transport are applied to hybrid structures
relevant to spin-based devices and fundamental studies of materials properties.
Experimental work is reviewed with the emphasis on projected applications, in
which external electric and magnetic fields and illumination by light will be
used to control spin and charge dynamics to create new functionalities not
feasible or ineffective with conventional electronics.Comment: invited review, 36 figures, 900+ references; minor stylistic changes
from the published versio
App-based COVID-19 syndromic surveillance and prediction of hospital admissions in COVID Symptom Study Sweden
The app-based COVID Symptom Study was launched in Sweden in April 2020 to contribute to real-time COVID-19 surveillance. We enrolled 143,531 study participants (≥18 years) who contributed 10.6 million daily symptom reports between April 29, 2020 and February 10, 2021. Here, we include data from 19,161 self-reported PCR tests to create a symptom-based model to estimate the individual probability of symptomatic COVID-19, with an AUC of 0.78 (95% CI 0.74–0.83) in an external dataset. These individual probabilities are employed to estimate daily regional COVID-19 prevalence, which are in turn used together with current hospital data to predict next week COVID-19 hospital admissions. We show that this hospital prediction model demonstrates a lower median absolute percentage error (MdAPE: 25.9%) across the five most populated regions in Sweden during the first pandemic wave than a model based on case notifications (MdAPE: 30.3%). During the second wave, the error rates are similar. When we apply the same model to an English dataset, not including local COVID-19 test data, we observe MdAPEs of 22.3% and 19.0% during the first and second pandemic waves, respectively, highlighting the transferability of the prediction model
Home care in Europe: a systematic literature review
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Health and social services provided at home are becoming increasingly important. Hence, there is a need for information on home care in Europe. The objective of this literature review was to respond to this need by systematically describing what has been reported on home care in Europe in the scientific literature over the past decade.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A systematic literature search was performed for papers on home care published in English, using the following data bases: Cinahl, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, Social Services Abstracts, and Social Care Online. Studies were only included if they complied with the definition of home care, were published between January 1998 and October 2009, and dealt with at least one of the 31 specified countries. Clinical interventions, instrument developments, local projects and reviews were excluded. The data extracted included: the characteristics of the study and aspects of home care 'policy & regulation', 'financing', 'organisation & service delivery', and 'clients & informal carers'.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Seventy-four out of 5,133 potentially relevant studies met the inclusion criteria, providing information on 18 countries. Many focused on the characteristics of home care recipients and on the organisation of home care. Geographical inequalities, market forces, quality and integration of services were also among the issues frequently discussed.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Home care systems appeared to differ both between and within countries. The papers included, however, provided only a limited picture of home care. Many studies only focused on one aspect of the home care system and international comparative studies were rare. Furthermore, little information emerged on home care financing and on home care in general in Eastern Europe. This review clearly shows the need for more scientific publications on home care, especially studies comparing countries. A comprehensive and more complete insight into the state of home care in Europe requires the gathering of information using a uniform framework and methodology.</p
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