12,828 research outputs found
Nonlinear Cosmological Power Spectra in Real and Redshift--Space
We present an expression for the nonlinear evolution of the cosmological
power spectrum based on following Lagrangian trajectories. This is simplified
using the Zel'dovich approximation to trace particle displacements, assuming
Gaussian initial conditions. The model is found to exhibit the transfer of
power from large to small scales expected in self- gravitating fields. We have
extended this analysis into redshift-space and found a solution for the
nonlinear, anisotropic redshift-space power spectrum in the limit of
plane--parallel redshift distortions. The quadrupole-to- monopole ratio is
calculated for the case of power-law initial spectra. We find that the shape of
this ratio depends on the shape of the initial spectrum, but when scaled to
linear theory depends only weakly on the redshift-space distortion parameter,
. The point of zero-crossing of the quadrupole, , is found to obey
a scaling relation. This model is found to be in agreement with -body
simulations on scales down to the zero-crossing of the quadrupole, although the
wavenumber at zero-crossing is underestimated. These results are applied to the
quadrupole--monopole ratio found in the merged QDOT+1.2 Jy IRAS redshift
survey. We have estimated that the distortion parameter is constrained to be
at the level. The local primordial spectral slope is not
well constrained, but analysis suggests in the translinear
regime. The zero-crossing scale of the quadrupole is
and from this we infer the amplitude of clustering is .
We suggest that the success of this model is due to nonlinear redshift--space
effects arising from infall onto caustics and is not dominated by virialised
cluster cores.Comment: 13 pages, uufiles, Latex with 6 postscript figures, submitted to
MNRA
The ABC's of Apples, Bees, and Connections Hydrologic
Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q25,
The association of cobalt with iron and manganese (oxyhydr)oxides in marine sediment.
Formation and dissolution of authigenic Fe and Mn (oxyhydr)oxides influence cycling of trace metals in oxic/suboxic surface sediments.We used the diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT) to estimate the association of cobalt with iron and manganese oxides. We compared Co, Fe and Mn maxima measured by DGT in the pore waters of fresh and aged marine sediment cores and estimated the Co/Fe and Co/Mn ratios in the metal oxides. A Mn maximum was not visible in DGT concentration profiles of freshly collected sediment cores, but after ageing the sediment we observed a distinct Mn peak, presumably due to broadening of the depth range over which the various electron acceptors occur. Estimated Co/Mn ratios from both experiments are within the range of literature values for marine sediments, but the value from the aged experiment is at the lower end of the range. This is attributed to stimulation of sulphate reduction and precipitation of cobalt sulfides. The good correlation between Co and Fe maxima in the fresh sediments is attributed to the similarity of their reactions with sulphide rather than Co being released during authigenic Fe oxide reduction
Impacts of energy efficiency retrofitting measures on indoor PM concentrations across different income groups in England: a modelling study
As part of an effort to reduce carbon emissions in the UK, policies encouraging the energy-efficient retrofit of domestic properties are being implemented. Typical retrofits, including installation of insulation and double glazing can cause tightening of the building envelope which may affect indoor air quality (IAQ) impacting occupant health. Using the example of PM (an airborne pollutant with known health impacts), this study considers the influence of energy-efficient retrofits on indoor PM concentrations in domestic properties both above and below the low-income threshold (LIT) for a range of tenancies across England. Simulations using EnergyPlus and its integrated Generic Contaminant model are employed to predict indoor PM exposures from both indoor and outdoor sources in building archetypes representative of (i) the existing housing stock and (ii) a retrofitted English housing stock. The exposures of occupants for buildings occupied by groups above and below the LIT are then estimated under current conditions and following retrofits. One-way ANOVA tests were applied to clarify results and investigate differences between the various income and tenure groups. Results indicate that all tenures below the LIT experience greater indoor PM concentrations than those above, suggesting possible social inequalities driven by housing, leading to consequences for health
Reconstructing the Death Star: Myth and Memory in the Star Wars Franchise
Mythic narratives exert a powerful influence over societies, and few mythic
narratives carry as much weight in modern culture as the Star Wars franchise. Disney’s 2012 purchase of Lucasfilm opened the door for new films in the franchise. 2016’s Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, the second of these films, takes place in the fictional hours and minutes leading up to the events portrayed in 1977’s Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope. Changes to the fundamental myths underpinning the Star Wars narrative and the unique connection between these film have created important implications for the public memory of the original film. I examine these changes using Campbell’s hero’s journey and Lawrence and Jewett’s American monomyth. In this thesis I argue that Rogue One: A Star Wars Story was likely conceived as a means of updating the public memory of the original 1977 film. Disney’s choice to maintain the original film as the canonical basis for their ongoing storytelling makes updating the public memory of the 1977 film essential given distinct differences between the rhetorical contexts of 1977 and 2016. Additionally, Disney’s decisions have significant ramifications for the passionate fans of the franchise
Early diagenetic vivianite [Fe-3(PO4)(2) center dot 8H(2)O] in a contaminated freshwater sediment and insights into zinc uptake: a mu-EXAFS, mu-XANES and Raman study
The sediments in the Salford Quays, a heavily-modified urban water body, contain high levels of organic matter, Fe, Zn and nutrients as a result of past contaminant inputs. Vivianite [Fe3(PO4)2 · 8H2O] has been observed to have precipitated within these sediments during early diagenesis as a result of the release of Fe and P to porewaters. These mineral grains are small (<100 μm) and micron-scale analysis techniques (SEM, electron microprobe, μ-EXAFS, μ-XANES and Raman) have been applied in this study to obtain information upon the structure of this vivianite and the nature of Zn uptake in the mineral. Petrographic observations, and elemental, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic analysis confirms the presence of vivianite. EXAFS model fitting of the FeK-edge spectra for individual vivianite grains produces Fe–O and Fe–P co-ordination numbers and bond lengths consistent with previous structural studies of vivianite (4O atoms at 1.99–2.05 Å; 2P atoms at 3.17–3.25 Å). One analysed grain displays evidence of a significant Fe3+ component, which is interpreted to have resulted from oxidation during sample handling and/or analysis. EXAFS modelling of the Zn K-edge data, together with linear combination XANES fitting of model compounds, indicates that Zn may be incorporated into the crystal structure of vivianite (4O atoms at 1.97 Å; 2P atoms at 3.17 Å). Low levels of Zn sulphate or Zn-sorbed goethite are also indicated from linear combination XANES fitting and to a limited extent, the EXAFS fitting, the origin of which may either be an oxidation artifact or the inclusion of Zn sulphate into the vivianite grains during precipitation. This study confirms that early diagenetic vivianite may act as a sink for Zn, and potentially other contaminants (e.g. As) during its formation and, therefore, forms an important component of metal cycling in contaminated sediments and waters. Furthermore, for the case of Zn, the EXAFS fits for Zn phosphate suggest this uptake is structural and not via surface adsorption
Demography and the tragedy of the commons
Individual success in group-structured populations has two components. First,
an individual gains by outcompeting its neighbors for local resources. Second,
an individual's share of group success must be weighted by the total
productivity of the group. The essence of sociality arises from the tension
between selfish gains against neighbors and the associated loss that
selfishness imposes by degrading the efficiency of the group. Without some
force to modulate selfishness, the natural tendencies of self interest
typically degrade group performance to the detriment of all. This is the
tragedy of the commons. Kin selection provides the most widely discussed way in
which the tragedy is overcome in biology. Kin selection arises from behavioral
associations within groups caused either by genetical kinship or by other
processes that correlate the behaviors of group members. Here, I emphasize
demography as a second factor that may also modulate the tragedy of the commons
and favor cooperative integration of groups. Each act of selfishness or
cooperation in a group often influences group survival and fecundity over many
subsequent generations. For example, a cooperative act early in the growth
cycle of a colony may enhance the future size and survival of the colony. This
time-dependent benefit can greatly increase the degree of cooperation favored
by natural selection, providing another way in which to overcome the tragedy of
the commons and enhance the integration of group behavior. I conclude that
analyses of sociality must account for both the behavioral associations of kin
selection theory and the demographic consequences of life history theory
A general model of the public goods dilemma
An individually costly act that benefits all group members is a public good.
Natural selection favors individual contribution to public goods only when some
benefit to the individual offsets the cost of contribution. Problems of sex
ratio, parasite virulence, microbial metabolism, punishment of noncooperators,
and nearly all aspects of sociality have been analyzed as public goods shaped
by kin and group selection. Here, I develop two general aspects of the public
goods problem that have received relatively little attention. First, variation
in individual resources favors selfish individuals to vary their allocation to
public goods. Those individuals better endowed contribute their excess
resources to public benefit, whereas those individuals with fewer resources
contribute less to the public good. Thus, purely selfish behavior causes
individuals to stratify into upper classes that contribute greatly to public
benefit and social cohesion and to lower classes that contribute little to the
public good. Second, if group success absolutely requires production of the
public good, then the pressure favoring production is relatively high. By
contrast, if group success depends weakly on the public good, then the pressure
favoring production is relatively weak. Stated in this way, it is obvious that
the role of baseline success is important. However, discussions of public goods
problems sometimes fail to emphasize this point sufficiently. The models here
suggest simple tests for the roles of resource variation and baseline success.
Given the widespread importance of public goods, better models and tests would
greatly deepen our understanding of many processes in biology and sociality
An overview of recent advances of the catalytic selective oxidation of ethane to oxygenates
The selective partial oxidation of short chain alkanes is a key challenge within catalysis research. Direct ethane oxidation to oxygenates is a difficult aim, but potentially rewarding, and it could lead to a paradigm shift in the supply chain of several bulk chemicals. Unfortunately, low C–H bond reactivity and kinetically labile products are just some reasons affecting the development and commercialisation of such processes. Research into direct ethane oxidation is therefore disparate, with approaches ranging from oxidation in the gas phase at high temperatures to enzyme catalysed hydroxylation under ambient conditions. Furthermore, in overcoming the barrier posed by the chemically inert C–H bond a range of oxidants have been utilised. Despite years of research, this remains an intriguing topic from both academic and commercial perspectives. Herein we describe some recent developments within the field of catalytic ethane oxidation focusing on the formation of oxygenated products, whilst addressing the key challenges which are still to be overcome
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