33,978 research outputs found
HST Images and Spectra of the Remnant of SN 1885 in M31
Near UV HST images of the remnant of SN 1885 (S And) in M31 show a 0"70 +-
0"05 diameter absorption disk silhouetted against M31's central bulge, at SN
1885's historically reported position. The disk's size corresponds to a linear
diameter of 2.5 +- 0.4 pc at a distance of 725 +- 70 kpc, implying an average
expansion velocity of 11000 +- 2000 km/s over 110 years. Low-dispersion FOS
spectra over 3200-4800 A; reveal that the absorption arises principally from Ca
II H & K (equivalent width ~215 A;) with weaker absorption features of Ca I
4227 A; and Fe I 3720 A;. The flux at Ca II line center indicates a foreground
starlight fraction of 0.21, which places SNR 1885 some 64 pc to the near side
of the midpoint of the M31 bulge, comparable to its projected 55 pc distance
from the nucleus. The absorption line profiles suggest an approximately
spherically symmetric, bell-shaped density distribution of supernova ejecta
freely expanding at up to 13100 +- 1500 km/s. We estimate Ca I, Ca II, and Fe I
masses of 2.9(+2.4,-0.6) x 10^-4 M_o, 0.005(+0.016,-0.002) M_o, and
0.013(+0.010,-0.005) M_o respectively. If the ionization state of iron is
similar to the observed ionization state of calcium, M_CaII/M_CaI = 16(+42,-5),
then the mass of Fe II is 0.21(+0.74,-0.08) M_o, consistent with that expected
for either normal or subluminous SN Ia.Comment: 8 pages, including 4 embedded EPS figures, emulateapj.sty style file.
Color image at http://casa.colorado.edu/~mcl/sand.shtml . Submitted to Ap
Nonlinear surface waves on the plasma-vacuum interface
In this paper we study the propagation of weakly nonlinear surface waves on a
plasma-vacuum interface. In the plasma region we consider the equations of
incompressible magnetohydrodynamics, while in vacuum the magnetic and electric
fields are governed by the Maxwell equations. A surface wave propagate along
the plasma-vacuum interface, when it is linearly weakly stable.
Following the approach of Ali and Hunter, we measure the amplitude of the
surface wave by the normalized displacement of the interface in a reference
frame moving with the linearized phase velocity of the wave, and obtain that it
satisfies an asymptotic nonlocal, Hamiltonian evolution equation. We show the
local-in-time existence of smooth solutions to the Cauchy problem for the
amplitude equation in noncanonical variables, and we derive a blow up
criterion.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1305.5327 by other author
The Generalized Ricci Flow for 3D Manifolds with One Killing Vector
We consider 3D flow equations inspired by the renormalization group (RG)
equations of string theory with a three dimensional target space. By modifying
the flow equations to include a U(1) gauge field, and adding carefully chosen
De Turck terms, we are able to extend recent 2D results of Bakas to the case of
a 3D Riemannian metric with one Killing vector. In particular, we show that the
RG flow with De Turck terms can be reduced to two equations: the continual Toda
flow solved by Bakas, plus its linearizaton. We find exact solutions which flow
to homogeneous but not always isotropic geometries
The measurement of lubricant-film thickness using ultrasound
Ultrasound is reflected from a liquid layer between two solid bodies. This reflection depends on the ultrasonic frequency, the acoustic properties of the liquid and solid, and the layer thickness. If the wavelength is much greater than the liquid-layer thickness, then the response is governed by the stiffness of the layer. If the wavelength and layer thickness are similar, then the interaction of ultrasound with the layer is controlled by its resonant behaviour. This stiffness governed response and resonant response can be used to determine the thickness of the liquid layer, if the other parameters are known.
In this paper, ultrasound has been developed as a method to determine the thickness of lubricating films in bearing systems. An ultrasonic transducer is positioned on the outside of a bearing shell such that the wave is focused on the lubricant-film layer. The transducer is used to both emit and receive wide-band ultrasonic pulses. For a particular lubricant film, the reflected pulse is processed to give a reflection-coefficient spectrum. The lubricant-film thickness is then obtained from either the layer stiffness or the resonant frequency.
The method has been validated using fluid wedges at ambient pressure between flat and curved surfaces. Experiments on the elastohydrodynamic film formed between a sliding ball and a flat surface were performed. Film-thickness values in the range 50-500 nm were recorded, which agreed well with theoretical film-formation predictions. Similar measurements have been made on the oil film between the balls and outer raceway of a deep-groove ball bearing
Making random assignment happen: evidence from the UK Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) demonstration
Nuclear Model of Binding alpha-particles
The model of binding alpha-particles in nuclei is suggested. It is shown good
(with the accuracy of 1-2%) description of the experimental binding energies in
light and medium nuclear systems. Our preliminary calculations show enhancement
of the binding energy for super heavy nuclei with Z~120.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, Will be puplished in World Scientific as Procs.
Int. Symposium on Exotic Nuclei, "EXON - 2004", July 5 - 12, 2004, Peterhof,
Russi
Computer model calibration with large non-stationary spatial outputs: application to the calibration of a climate model
Bayesian calibration of computer models tunes unknown input parameters by
comparing outputs with observations. For model outputs that are distributed
over space, this becomes computationally expensive because of the output size.
To overcome this challenge, we employ a basis representation of the model
outputs and observations: we match these decompositions to carry out the
calibration efficiently. In the second step, we incorporate the non-stationary
behaviour, in terms of spatial variations of both variance and correlations, in
the calibration. We insert two integrated nested Laplace
approximation-stochastic partial differential equation parameters into the
calibration. A synthetic example and a climate model illustration highlight the
benefits of our approach
Social interaction is a catalyst for adult human learning in online contexts
Human learning is highly social. Advances in technology have increasingly moved learning online, and the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has accelerated this trend. Online learning can vary in terms of how âsociallyâ the material is presented (e.g., live or recorded), but there are limited data on which is most effective, with the majority of studies conducted on children and inconclusive results on adults. Here, we examine how young adults (aged 18â35) learn information about unknown objects, systematically varying the social contingency (live versus recorded lecture) and social richness (viewing the teacherâs face, hands, or slides) of the learning episodes. Recall was tested immediately and after 1 week. Experiment 1 (n = 24) showed better learning for live presentation and a full view of the teacher (hands and face). Experiment 2 (n = 27; pre-registered) replicated the live-presentation advantage. Both experiments showed an interaction between social contingency and social richness: the presence of social cues affected learning differently depending on whether teaching was interactive or not. Live social interaction with a full view of the teacherâs face provided the optimal setting for learning new factual information. However, during observational learning, social cues may be more cognitively demanding and/or distracting,resulting in less learning from rich social information if there is no interactivity. We suggest that being part of a genuine social interaction catalyzes learning, possibly via mechanisms of joint attention, common ground, or (inter-)active discussion, and as such, interactive learning benefits from rich social setting
The K\"ahler-Ricci flow with positive bisectional curvature
We show that the K\"ahler-Ricci flow on a manifold with positive first Chern
class converges to a K\"ahler-Einstein metric assuming positive bisectional
curvature and certain stability conditions.Comment: 15 page
Central European foreign exchange markets: a cross-spectral analysis of the 2007 financial crisis
This paper investigates co-movements between currency markets of Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and the Euro in the year following the drying up of money markets in August 2007. The paper shows that assessing the degree of foreign currency co-movement by correlation can lead to concluding, erroneously, that financial contagion has not occurred. Using cross-spectral methods, the paper shows that defining contagion as changes in the structure of co-movements of asset prices encompasses more of the complex nature of exchange rate dynamics. What is shown is that, following August 2007, there is increased in the intensity of co-movements, but non-linearly. Focusing on the activities of a mix of banks and currency managers, it is suggested that changes in the structure of currency interaction present an unfavourable view of the contagion experienced by at least three of these currencies
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