Quantum Entanglement Through the Lens of Paraconsistent Logic

This paper presents an alternative approach to quantum entanglement, one that effectively resolves the logical inconsistencies without leading to logical contradictions. By addressing some of the inconsistencies within quantum mechanics, such as state superposition and non-locality, that challenge classical causal explanations, our method is constructed on the principles of paraconsistent logic. Our aim is to develop a para-consistent framework that supports the features of quantum mechanics while remaining faithful to its fundamental principles. In this pursuit, we scrutinize the philosophical and mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics in relation to classical logic systems. This method is designed to untangle theoretical puzzle spaces and promote coherence in the discussion of quantum theory. Ultimately, our approach offers a potential solution for interpreting quantum mechanics in a more coherent manner

Unbounded randomness from uncharacterized sources

Randomness is a central feature of quantum mechanics and an invaluable resource for both classical and quantum technologies. Commonly, in Device-Independent and Semi-Device-Independent scenarios, randomness is certified using projective measurements and the amount of certified randomness is bounded by the dimension of the measured quantum system. In this work, we propose a new Source-Device-Independent protocol, based on Positive Operator Valued Measurement (POVM), which can arbitrarily increase the number of certified bits for any fixed dimension. A tight lower-bound on the quantum conditional min-entropy is derived using only the POVM structure and the experimental expectation values, taking into account the quantum side-information. For symmetrical POVM measurements on the Bloch sphere we have derived closed-form analytical bounds. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate our method with a compact and simple photonic setup that employs polarization-encoded qubits and POVM up to 6 outcomes.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure

Optimization of purification procedure for horse F(ab´)2 antivenom against Androctonus crassicauda (Scorpion) venom

Purpose: To immunize antiserum of horse with Androctonus crassicauda scorpion venom in order to achieve an antivenom with higher purity by combined caprylic acid/ammonium sulfate.Methods: The optimum pH to terminate enzymatic digestion was  evaluated. Purification was performed by various combinations of  caprylic acid (0 to 2.5 mL %) and ammonium sulfate (0 to 20 g %) at 25, 30 and 37 ºC. The effects of three factors (caprylic acid, ammonium  sulfate and temperature) were evaluated based on precipitation of  non-immunoglobulin proteins. Antivenom purity was evaluated by determining the concentration of desired soluble protein and undesired albumin, as well as by turbidity and titration.Results: The results showed that the optimum pH for inhibition of  enzyme activity and precipitation of impurities was 4.8. SDS-PAGE revealed that the highest impurity precipitation and lowest protein aggregation was occurred at the combination of 1.5 mL % caprylic acid and 10 g % ammonium sulfate at 37 ºC.Conclusion: The modified method of purification significantly decreases turbidity, albumin impurity concentration and processing time but  increased antibody titer and purity of antivenom. Therefore, it is a potentially suitable method for purifying antivenom in commercial production.Keywords: Antivenom, Scorpion, Androctonus crassicauda, Purification, Albumin, Antiseru

The shadows of quantum gravity on Bell's inequality

This study delves into the validity of quantum mechanical operators in the context of quantum gravity, recognizing the potential need for their generalization. A primary objective is to investigate the repercussions of these generalizations on the inherent non-locality within quantum mechanics, as exemplified by Bell's inequality. Additionally, the study scrutinizes the consequences of introducing a non-zero minimal length into the established framework of Bell's inequality. The findings contribute significantly to our theoretical comprehension of the intricate interplay between quantum mechanics and gravity. Moreover, this research explores the impact of quantum gravity on Bell's inequality and its practical applications within quantum technologies, notably in the realms of device-independent protocols, quantum key distribution, and quantum randomness generation

Unbounded randomness from uncharacterized sources

Randomness is a central feature of quantum mechanics and an invaluable resource for both classical and quantum technologies. Commonly, in Device-Independent and Semi-Device-Independent scenarios, randomness is certified using projective measurements, and its amount is bounded by the quantum system’s dimension. Here, we propose a Source-Device-Independent protocol, based on Positive Operator Valued Measurement (POVM), which can arbitrarily increase the number of certified bits for any fixed dimension. Additionally, the proposed protocol doesn’t require an initial seed and active basis switching, simplifying its experimental implementation and increasing the generation rates. A tight lower-bound on the quantum conditional min-entropy is derived using only the POVM structure and the experimental expectation values, taking into account the quantum side-information. For symmetric POVM on the Bloch sphere, we derive closed-form analytical bounds. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate our method with a compact and simple photonic setup that employs polarization-encoded qubits and POVM up to 6 outcomes

Semi-Device-Independent Heterodyne-based Quantum Random Number Generator

Randomness is a fundamental feature of quantum mechanics, which is an invaluable resource for both classical and quantum technologies. Practical quantum random number generators (QRNG) usually need to trust their devices, but their security can be jeopardized in case of imperfections or malicious external actions. In this work, we present a robust implementation of a Semi-Device-Independent QRNG that guarantees both security and fast generation rates. The system works in a prepare and measure scenario where measurement and source are untrusted, but a bound on the energy of the prepared states is assumed. Our implementation exploits heterodyne detection, which offers increased generation rate and improved long-term stability compared to alternative measurement strategies. In particular, due to the tomographic properties of heterodyne measurement, we can compensate for fast phase fluctuations via post-processing, avoiding complex active phase stabilization systems. As a result, our scheme combines high security and speed with a simple setup featuring only commercial-off-the-shelf components, making it an attractive solution in many practical scenarios

Semi-device independent randomness from d-outcome continuous-variable detection

Recently, semi-device independent protocols have attracted increasing attention, guaranteeing security with few hypotheses and experimental simplicity. In this paper, we demonstrate a many-outcomes scheme with the binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) for a semi-device independent protocol based on the energy assumption. We show in theory that the number of certified random bits of the d-outcomes system outperforms the standard scheme (binary-outcomes). Furthermore, we compare the results of two well-known measurement schemes, homodyne and heterodyne detection. Lastly, taking into account the experimental imperfections, we discuss the experimental feasibility of the d-outcome design

Experimental Test of Sequential Weak Measurements for Certified Quantum Randomness Extraction

Quantum nonlocality offers a secure way to produce random numbers: their unpredictability is intrinsic and can be certified just by observing the statistic of the measurement outcomes, without assumptions on how they are produced. To do this, entangled pairs are generated and measured to violate a Bell inequality with the outcome statistics. However, after a projective quantum measurement, entanglement is entirely destroyed and cannot be used again. This fact poses an upper bound to the number of random numbers that can be produced from each quantum state when projective measurements are employed. Instead, by using weak measurements, some entanglement can be maintained and reutilized, and a sequence of weak measurements can extract an unbounded amount of randomness from a single state as predicted in Phys. Rev. A 95, 020102(R) (2017). We study the feasibility of these weak measurements, analyze the robustness to imperfections in the quantum state they are applied to, and then test them using an optical setup based on polarization-entangled photon pairs. We show that the weak measurements are realizable, but can improve the performance of randomness generation only in close-to-ideal conditions

Generalized Time-bin Quantum Random Number Generator with Uncharacterized Devices

Random number generators (RNG) based on quantum mechanics are captivating due to their security and unpredictability compared to conventional generators, such as pseudo-random number generators and hardware-random number generators. This work analyzes evolutions in the extractable amount of randomness with increasing the Hilbert space dimension, state preparation subspace, or measurement subspace in a class of semi-device-independent quantum-RNG, where bounding the states' overlap is the core assumption, built on the prepare-and-measure scheme. We further discuss the effect of these factors on the complexity and draw a conclusion on the optimal scenario. We investigate the generic case of time-bin encoding scheme, define various input (state preparation) and outcome (measurement) subspaces, and discuss the optimal scenarios to obtain maximum entropy. Several input designs were experimentally tested and analyzed for their conceivable outcome arrangements. We evaluated their performance by considering the device's imperfections, particularly the after-pulsing effect and dark counts of the detectors. Finally, we demonstrate that this approach can boost the system entropy, resulting in more extractable randomness

A Comparative Study of Rat Lung Decellularization by Chemical Detergents for Lung Tissue Engineering

BACKGROUND: Lung disease is the most common cause of death in the world. The last stage of pulmonary diseases is lung transplantation. Limitation and shortage of donor organs cause to appear tissue engineering field. Decellularization is a hope for producing intact ECM in the development of engineered organs.AIM: The goal of the decellularization process is to remove cellular and nuclear material while retaining lung three-dimensional and molecular proteins. Different concentration of detergents was used for finding the best approach in lung decellularization.MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, three-time approaches (24, 48 and 96 h) with four detergents (CHAPS, SDS, SDC and Triton X-100) were used for decellularizing rat lungs for maintaining of three-dimensional lung architecture and ECM protein composition which have significant roles in differentiation and migration of stem cells This comparative study determined that variable decellularization approaches can cause significantly different effects on decellularized lungs.RESULTS: Results showed that destruction was increased with increasing the detergent concentration. Single detergent showed a significant reduction in maintaining of three-dimensional of lung and ECM proteins (Collagen and Elastin). But, the best methods were mixed detergents of SDC and CHAPS in low concentration in 48 and 96 h decellularization.CONCLUSION: Decellularized lung tissue can be used in the laboratory to study various aspects of pulmonary biology and physiology and also, these results can be used in the continued improvement of engineered lung tissue