Technosols – Development, Classification and Use

Development of industry, building of settlements, disposal of various wastes, surface exploitation of various raw materials, and introduction of new technologies have led to the formation of new soils. These soil damages present specifi c syndrome, which includes various processes, such as: infection, anthropogenic contamination, degradation and destruction (pedocide). The paper discusses the soils which are created by processes of destruction. These soils are separated in a special soil class, denoted as a technogenous class. It emphasizes the diff erences relative to anthrosols. Drastic changes occurred in the technosols, where the natural soil properties are completely destroyed, or they are deeply covered with various disposals. The paper also addresses the properties of technosols, their classifi cation and use, as well as the specifi cs of their mapping

Properties of Technogenous Substrates and Assessment of their Suitability for Recultivation – Technosol Development Projection

Soil damage comes as a result of various types of soil utilization in regard to its technical functions, and during that, huge quantities of various waste materials form (industrial, communal, mines, etc.). Such materials cover up vast land areas, which lead to a significant reduction of land fund. It is essential to identify the ways and appropriate measures for transforming such areas into the areas suitable for any environmental functions. While executing these measures, various materials are identified as technogenous substrates. When it comes to conducting the rehabilitation measures, it is important to have a good knowledge of the substrate properties, both general and specific. The general ones include: pH reaction, content of CaCO3, physiologically active calcium (CaO), organic matter, texture, content of skeleton. The specific properties encompass: heavy metals content, biological infection and radioactivity of the soil. This paper identifies seven basic groups of technogenous substrates: suitable, medium suitable, less suitable, unsuitable, very unsuitable - toxic, infectious and radioactive. The actions for the application of direct or indirect recultivation are developed by the subject groups. Direct recultivation includes the actions of immediate execution of rehabilitation measures, while indirect recultivation includes the application of a special layer of soil (suitable geological material or natural soil). It also provides the appropriate depths of such materials for the corresponding technical substrate. The paper’s attention is focused on the follow-up of the impact of pedo-technogenous factors on the processes within the established disposal sites. Therefore, further elaboration and classification of technogenous soils continues to be important. The paper also provides a projection of development of technogenous soils that encompasses three different substrates: natural geological substrate, industrial waste, and communal waste, outlining specific developmental stages, as well as morphological denotation of the profiles, with stated monocyclic and two-layer profile composition

Soil Protection Activities and Soil Quality Monitoring in South Eastern Europe

The conference Soil Protection Activities and Soil Quality Monitoring in South Eastern Europe was organized in Sarajevo as a joint action by the Soil Science Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Soil Science Society of Slovenia. The main objectives of conference were to review the soil protection and soil quality monitoring activities in SEE including research activities, project reports, good practice guides and various methodologies and monitoring strategies. The special emphasis was laid on the ecological and technical soil functions, remediation and re-cultivation measures, data collection and processing, soil protection policy, soil quality and soil resources management issues on the regional level. The conference was an opportunity to key regional soil science research institutions to present activities and achievements with further prospects of cross - border scientific collaboration. This publication presents a selection of 20 conference papers prepared by the authors from SEE countries (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) and guest contributions from Austria, Slovenia and Syria.JRC.DDG.H.7-Land management and natural hazard

Copper in Surface Layer of Vineyard Soils on Island Hvar

The frequent use of copper fungicides in grape production results in increased accumulation of total copper in the surface layer of vineyard soils. The objective of this research was to survey copper concentration and determine degree of pollution or contamination with copper in surface soils of vineyards on island Hvar. Sampling was undertaken on anthropogenic colluvial soils, anthropogenic terrace soils on pleistocene calcareous aeolian sands and anthropogenic soils on quaternary alluvial, aeolian and diluvium depositions. Concentrations of total copper in the vineyard soils under research range from 50.60- 276.33 mg kg-1. Copper concentrations were significantly (p<0.01) higher in anthropogenic soils on quaternary alluvial, aeolian and diluvium depositions than on other soils sites tested. According to the specifications provided within the “Regulations on Protection of Cultivated Land from Contamination by Hazardous Substances” (NN 9/14) sixteen out of twenty-seven vineyard soils under research were polluted and five were contaminated with copper. Th e results of this research provide further data relevant to the inventory of heavy metals in vineyard soils of this part of the Croatia

Technosols – Development, Classification and Use

Development of industry, building of settlements, disposal of various wastes, surface exploitation of various raw materials, and introduction of new technologies have led to the formation of new soils. These soil damages present specifi c syndrome, which includes various processes, such as: infection, anthropogenic contamination, degradation and destruction (pedocide). The paper discusses the soils which are created by processes of destruction. These soils are separated in a special soil class, denoted as a technogenous class. It emphasizes the diff erences relative to anthrosols. Drastic changes occurred in the technosols, where the natural soil properties are completely destroyed, or they are deeply covered with various disposals. The paper also addresses the properties of technosols, their classifi cation and use, as well as the specifi cs of their mapping

Influence of Soil Water Retention Properties on Hydrological Cycle and Water Budgeting Module Simulation

The complexity of water budgeting module as shown in this paper is represented in phases. By experimental measurement of precipitation and lysimetric measurement of percolation runoff the fi rst phase establishes monthly and annual soil-water budgets of skeletal and clayey soils, and hence the influence of soil water-retention potential on hydrologic cycle and water budget over a four year period in the area of Mostar. Then, a soil-water budget model is simulated in a simplified procedure in order to determine the corresponding soil productive water reserve (R) for given soils. In this way, depending on R values, the output parameters of the simulated model may produce different results in: calculated surplus or percolation runoff, real evapotranspiration (RET) and water deficit. The lysimetric measuring of the water input and output in skeletal and clayey soils determined significant differences in the water budgets of these, by physical properties, divergent soils. Such correlations indicate that there is a realistic possibility of computing new, relatively reliable and pragmatically significant agro-hydrological parameters using measured precipitation and calculated PET. Also, this paper addresses a correlative analysis between the apple and maize ET on one side, and evaporation measured by Piche and by Class A, as well as PET calculated by Thornthwaite, Turc and Penman, on the other side. The results show a reliable reaction between ET of apple and maize with E by Piche, while the same relation is even more reliable with Class A. Other methods in this correlative analysis are less reliable

Properties of Technogenous Substrates and Assessment of their Suitability for Recultivation – Technosol Development Projection

Soil damage comes as a result of various types of soil utilization in regard to its technical functions, and during that, huge quantities of various waste materials form (industrial, communal, mines, etc.). Such materials cover up vast land areas, which lead to a significant reduction of land fund. It is essential to identify the ways and appropriate measures for transforming such areas into the areas suitable for any environmental functions. While executing these measures, various materials are identified as technogenous substrates. When it comes to conducting the rehabilitation measures, it is important to have a good knowledge of the substrate properties, both general and specific. The general ones include: pH reaction, content of CaCO3, physiologically active calcium (CaO), organic matter, texture, content of skeleton. The specific properties encompass: heavy metals content, biological infection and radioactivity of the soil. This paper identifies seven basic groups of technogenous substrates: suitable, medium suitable, less suitable, unsuitable, very unsuitable - toxic, infectious and radioactive. The actions for the application of direct or indirect recultivation are developed by the subject groups. Direct recultivation includes the actions of immediate execution of rehabilitation measures, while indirect recultivation includes the application of a special layer of soil (suitable geological material or natural soil). It also provides the appropriate depths of such materials for the corresponding technical substrate. The paper’s attention is focused on the follow-up of the impact of pedo-technogenous factors on the processes within the established disposal sites. Therefore, further elaboration and classification of technogenous soils continues to be important. The paper also provides a projection of development of technogenous soils that encompasses three different substrates: natural geological substrate, industrial waste, and communal waste, outlining specific developmental stages, as well as morphological denotation of the profiles, with stated monocyclic and two-layer profile composition

Copper in Surface Layer of Vineyard Soils on Island Hvar

The frequent use of copper fungicides in grape production results in increased accumulation of total copper in the surface layer of vineyard soils. The objective of this research was to survey copper concentration and determine degree of pollution or contamination with copper in surface soils of vineyards on island Hvar. Sampling was undertaken on anthropogenic colluvial soils, anthropogenic terrace soils on pleistocene calcareous aeolian sands and anthropogenic soils on quaternary alluvial, aeolian and diluvium depositions. Concentrations of total copper in the vineyard soils under research range from 50.60- 276.33 mg kg-1. Copper concentrations were significantly (p<0.01) higher in anthropogenic soils on quaternary alluvial, aeolian and diluvium depositions than on other soils sites tested. According to the specifications provided within the “Regulations on Protection of Cultivated Land from Contamination by Hazardous Substances” (NN 9/14) sixteen out of twenty-seven vineyard soils under research were polluted and five were contaminated with copper. Th e results of this research provide further data relevant to the inventory of heavy metals in vineyard soils of this part of the Croatia