Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essentials oils from flowers of Salvia sharifii

The present study is the first investigation of chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the volatile oils from Salvia sharifii in Tunisia. The obtained results show that essential oils from Tunis locality were most complex and present 35 compounds representing 96.83% of the total oil composition. The major components of the studied oils in this site are Linalool (32.9%) and the green leaf volatiles; hexyl isolaverate (15.4%) and hexyl-2-methyl butanoate (10.9%) were detected as the major constituents of the oil. Considerable levels of antioxidant activities of the investigated essential oils were highlighted. Variations in antioxidant activities may be attributed to the concentrations of major components and the presence of some phenolic compounds like linalool. Our results showed strong activities of the investigated oils against all tested microorganisms. The antimicrobial test results showed that the oils had a great potential antimicrobial activity against all bacteria and fungal strains. Gram-positive bacteria are more sensitive to the investigated oil, with a range of 0.09 to 6.25 µL/mL than Gram-negative bacteria in the range, which is significantly higher from 1.56 to 25.00 µL/mL. The oil showed moderate antioxidant activities, (IC50 = 16.8 µg/mL) but good to moderate antimicrobial activity against most of the tested microorganisms

Olefin metathesis transformations in thermomorphic multicomponent solvent systems

International audienc

Floquet Spectral Almost-Periodic Modulation of Massive Finite and Infinite Strongly Coupled Arrays: Dense-Massive-MIMO, Intelligent-Surfaces, 5G, and 6G Applications

In this study, we introduce a new formulation based on Floquet (Fourier) spectral analysis combined with a spectral modulation technique (and its spatial form) to study strongly coupled sublattices predefined in the infinite and large finite extent of almost-periodic antenna arrays (e.g., metasurfaces). This analysis is very relevant for dense-massive-MIMO, intelligent-surfaces, 5G, and 6G applications (used for very small areas with a large number of elements such as millimeter and terahertz waves applications). The numerical method that is adopted to model the structure is the method of moments simplified by equivalent circuits MoM GEC. Other numerical methods (such as the ASM-array scanning method and the windowing Fourier method) used this analysis in their kernel to treat periodic and pseudo-periodic (or quasi-periodic) arrays

Modélisation des circuits périodiques et quasi-périodiques alimentés par des sources arbitraires

Les réseaux d’antennes planaires sont réputés par leur grande directivité et leur facilité de mise en œuvre qui offre la possibilité d’avoir un diagramme de rayonnement commandable. Cependant l’étude globale tenant compte des différents couplages EM par une théorie électromagnétique rigoureuse nécessite un espace mémoire important et un temps de calcul considérable. Pour surmonter à ces inconvénients, nous proposons d’introduire une nouvelle approche théorique basée sur le théorème de Floquet permettant la réduction du volume d’analyse EM au niveau d’une seule cellule élémentaire. Nous allons focaliser notre étude à la détermination des termes de couplage dans une configuration répartie dans une trame presque-périodique et en particulier pour les réseaux d’antennes périodiques et quasi-périodiques alimentés par des sources arbitraires. Dans ce cas, nous utiliserons les décompositions en modes de Floquet (adaptées aux structures périodiques) pour extraire la matrice de couplage [S]. Ces décompositions sont des concepts établis de longue date et a priori démontrés par de supports théoriques solides. Par conséquent, cette analyse modale permet de simplifier la résolution du problème considéré surtout quand les éléments rayonnants sont fortement couplés. Une seule méthode numérique est adoptée afin de modéliser la structure proposée : la méthode des moments combinée avec le circuit équivalent généralisé : MoM-GEC. La validation de cette dernière sera réalisée par comparaison avec d’autres méthodes numériques exactesPlanar antenna arrays are renowned for their high directivity and ease of implementation, which offers the possibility of having a controllable radiation pattern. However the global study taking into account the different EM couplings by a rigorous electromagnetic theory requires a large memory space and a considerable computation time. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose to introduce a new theoretical approach based on the Floquet theorem allowing the reduction of the EM analysis volume at the level of a single elementary cell (basic cell). We will focus our study on the determination of coupling terms in a distributed configuration in an almost-periodic frame and in particular for periodic and quasi-periodic antenna arrays fed by arbitrary sources. In this case, we will use Floquet mode decompositions (adapted to periodic structures) to extract the coupling matrix [S]. These decompositions are concepts established for a long time and a priori demonstrated by solid theoretical supports. Consequently, this modal analysis makes it possible to simplify considerably the resolution of the problem, especially when the radiating elements are strongly coupled. A single numerical method is adopted in order to model the proposed structure: the method of moments combined with the generalized equivalent circuit: MoM-GEC. Validation of the latter will be done by comparison with other exact numerical methods

Floquet Spectral Almost-Periodic Modulation of Massive Finite and Infinite Strongly Coupled Arrays: Dense-Massive-MIMO, Intelligent-Surfaces, 5G, and 6G Applications

In this study, we introduce a new formulation based on Floquet (Fourier) spectral analysis combined with a spectral modulation technique (and its spatial form) to study strongly coupled sublattices predefined in the infinite and large finite extent of almost-periodic antenna arrays (e.g., metasurfaces). This analysis is very relevant for dense-massive-MIMO, intelligent-surfaces, 5G, and 6G applications (used for very small areas with a large number of elements such as millimeter and terahertz waves applications). The numerical method that is adopted to model the structure is the method of moments simplified by equivalent circuits MoM GEC. Other numerical methods (such as the ASM-array scanning method and the windowing Fourier method) used this analysis in their kernel to treat periodic and pseudo-periodic (or quasi-periodic) arrays

Multiscale Auxiliary Sources for Modeling Microwave Components

This chapter presents multiscale auxiliary sources mainly used to solve complex electromagnetic problems, especially those that insert localized elements into circuits. Several equivalence relations (field-circuit) are established to simplify and make more accurate electromagnetic calculations by changing some characteristics of the localized elements known by their field representation as “voltage-current” representation and vice versa. Various examples are illustrated to show the effects of auxiliary sources in planar circuits containing localized elements (dipoles, diodes, transistors) in the millimeter and terahertz bands. An example of a graphene or Gold dipole is demonstrated in this approach. Another typical example of a diode integrated in a radiating structure is also simulated

Radiation Pattern Synthesis of the Coupled almost Periodic Antenna Arrays Using an Artificial Neural Network Model

This paper proposes radiation pattern synthesis of almost periodic antenna arrays including mutual coupling effects (extracted by Floquet analysis according to our previous work), which in principal has high directivity and a large bandwidth. For modeling the given structures, the moment method combined with the generalized equivalent circuit (MoM-GEC) is proposed. The artificial neural network (ANN), as a powerful computational model, has been successfully applied to antenna array pattern synthesis. Our results showed that multilayer feedforward neural networks are rugged and can successfully and efficiently resolve various distinctive, complex almost periodic antenna patterns (with different source amplitudes) (in particular, both periodic and randomly aperiodic structures are taken into account). An ANN is capable of quickly producing the synthesis results using generalization with the early stopping (ES) method. Significant advantages in speed and memory consumption are achieved by using this method to improve the generalization (called early stopping). To justify this work, several examples are shown and discussed

Intuition and Symmetries in Electromagnetism: Eigenstates of Four Antennas

Symmetries play an essential role in the field of physics. In this paper, we examine the relationship between the eigen-amplitudes of four (2 × 2) symmetrical antennas and the symmetry of the amplitudes of their sources (excitations) using mirroring effects. In our case, we find that changing mirrors using symmetry is identical to the point group theory. By exploiting the symmetry problem, we can show the advantage of reducing the size of the analysis domain, at least by a factor of two or more (2, 4, and 8…etc.) (depending on the problem). Several simulation examples have been developed by the MoM-GEC and HFSS to validate this approach

Radiation Pattern Synthesis of the Coupled almost Periodic Antenna Arrays Using an Artificial Neural Network Model

This paper proposes radiation pattern synthesis of almost periodic antenna arrays including mutual coupling effects (extracted by Floquet analysis according to our previous work), which in principal has high directivity and a large bandwidth. For modeling the given structures, the moment method combined with the generalized equivalent circuit (MoM-GEC) is proposed. The artificial neural network (ANN), as a powerful computational model, has been successfully applied to antenna array pattern synthesis. Our results showed that multilayer feedforward neural networks are rugged and can successfully and efficiently resolve various distinctive, complex almost periodic antenna patterns (with different source amplitudes) (in particular, both periodic and randomly aperiodic structures are taken into account). An ANN is capable of quickly producing the synthesis results using generalization with the early stopping (ES) method. Significant advantages in speed and memory consumption are achieved by using this method to improve the generalization (called early stopping). To justify this work, several examples are shown and discussed

Cross-metathesis transformations of terpenoids in dialkyl carbonate solvents

International audienceThe ruthenium catalysed cross-metathesis of terpenoids with methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate was used to prepare new terpenoids and to improve, to a large extent, the synthesis of known terpenoids . In particular, the cross-metathesis of mono-unsaturated terpenoids was very efficient whereas the transformation of terpenoids incorporating two double bonds was more difficult due to side reactions. The cross-metathesis reactions were carried out under environmentally friendly conditions either in dimethyl carbonate or under solvent-free conditions