A revised lithostratigraphy for the Palaeogene – lower Neogene of the Danish North Sea

Intense drilling activity following the discovery of the Siri Field in 1995 has resulted in an improved understanding of the siliciclastic Palaeogene succession in the Danish North Sea sector (Fig. 1). Many of the new wells were drilled in the search for oil reservoirs in sand bodies of Paleocene–Eocene age. The existing lithostratigraphy was based on data from a generation of wells that were drilled with deeper stratigraphic targets, with little or no interest in the overlying Palaeogene sediments, and thus did not adequately consider the significance of the Palaeogene sandstone units in the Danish sector. In order to improve the understanding of the distribution, morphology and age of the Palaeogene sediments, in particular the economically important sandstone bodies, a detailed study of this succession in the Danish North Sea has recently been undertaken. An important aim of the project was to update the lithostratigraphic framework on the basis of the new data. The project was carried out at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) with participants from the University of Aarhus, DONG E&P and Statoil Norway, and was supported by the Danish Energy Agency. Most scientific results cannot be released until September 2006, but a revised lithostratigraphic scheme may be published prior to that date. Formal definition of new units and revision of the lithostratigraphy are in preparation. All of the widespread Palaeogene mudstone units in the North Sea have previously been formally established in Norwegian or British wells, and no reference sections exist in the Danish sector. As the lithology of a stratigraphic unit may vary slightly from one area to another, Danish reference wells have been identified during the present project, and the lithological descriptions of the formations have been expanded to include the appearance of the units in the Danish sector. Many of the sandstone bodies recently discovered in the Danish sector have a limited spatial distribution and were sourced from other areas than their contemporaneous counterparts in the Norwegian and British sectors. These sandstone bodies are therefore defined as new lithostratigraphic units in the Danish sector, and are assigned Danish type and reference sections. There is a high degree of lithological similarity between the Palaeogene–Neogene mudstone succession from Danish offshore boreholes and that from onshore exposures and boreholes, and some of the mudstone units indeed seem identical. However, in order to acknowledge the traditional distinction between offshore and onshore stratigraphic nomenclature, the two sets of nomenclature are kept separate herein. In recent years oil companies operating in the North Sea have developed various in-house lithostratigraphic charts for the Paleocene–Eocene sand and mudstone successions in the Danish and Norwegian sectors. A number of informal lithostratigraphic units have been adopted and widely used. In the present project, these units have been formally defined and described, maintaining their original names whenever feasible, with the aim of providing an unequivocal nomenclature for the Palaeogene – lower Neogene succession in the Danish sector. It has not been the intention to establish a sequence stratigraphic model for this succession in the North Sea; the reader is referred to the comprehensive works of Michelsen (1993), Neal et al. (1994), Mudge & Bujak (1994, 1996a, b), Michelsen et al. (1995, 1998), Danielsen et al. (1997) and Rasmussen (2004)

Shaping of Food Microstructures

Shape, the shaping process and the functionality of shape for food microstructure are the focus of this thesis. Shape is one of the parameters that influences the microstructure functionality; hence microstructure shape optimisation is an interesting task in the development of new functional materials and processes, especially for food, in which structure-related texture is an essential part of the product. <p />By the combination of a deforming flow and a simultaneous temperature-triggered gel formation of a biopolymer to fix the achieved deformation, shaped microstructures are formed. With this process, model food systems of: 1) simple-shaped i.e. ellipsoidal gel particles of gelatine and k-carrageenan, 2) particular aggregates of whey protein isolates with shear thinning rheological behaviour determined by the process and 3) complex-shaped gelled k-carrageenan particles with a high shape consistency can be produced. When shaping of gelled k-carrageenan particles was shifted from an experimental batch-process into a continuous process with totally food grade materials, this high shape consistency was preserved. <p />By combining time series of micrographs and image analysis it was possible to study and measure structure formation under dynamic conditions. By acquiring the micrographs with a confocal laser scanning microscope, detailed analysis of aggregation of whey-coated particles under shear was achieved. It was revealed that aggregation started at lower temperatures than expected. For gelatine and k-carrageenan drops in emulsions, the shape and shaping were investigated in micrographs from light microscopy and the effect of size, viscosity, temperature, flow, gelling kinetics and cooling was analysed. Their impact on small drop shaping was found to be in according to existing deformations theories. For larger drops the parameters temperature, viscosity and flow interacted and their influence on the shaping was different at different places and times in the process. <p />Shape characterisations by both classical shape analysis and Fourier-based method were performed on shaped gel particles and on time series of macrographs on the shaping. With shape characterisations based on the Fourier description technique it was possible to quantify and sort even very complex microstructure shapes of particle aggregates according to shape and to present a typical aggregate. This resulted in that shape could be used as parameter similar to the more usual size for complex shapes. <p />Finally, the shape-induced functionality of gelled drops was investigated and it was concluded that even relatively simply shaped particles altered rheology in a suspension containing shaped drops compared with a suspension containing spherical drops. As the gel formation was triggered by temperature changes, this type of shaping could be applied to several existing products because temperature changes in combination of flow are common in food process lines

DGF's årsmøde 2009 - med temaet: Jagten på råstoffer

Dansk Geologisk Forening afholdte&nbsp;14. marts 2009 &Aring;rsm&oslash;de under&nbsp;overskriften: Jagten p&aring; r&aring;stoffer i&nbsp;den danske undergrund &ndash; nye metoder&nbsp;og geologisk viden

Steam condensation dynamics in annular gap and multi-hole steam injectors

AbstractIn direct UHT (Ultra high temperature) treatment, milk is pumped through a closed system where it is preheated, high temperature heated, cooled, homogenised and packed aseptically [1].Continuous direct steam injection is used to quickly raise the temperature of a product, either for pure heating or for a sterilization process. The injector can be of either annular gap type (also called ring nozzle steam injector), or multi hole type. In this study we have analyzed the details of the condensation process by visualizations and by mapping the temperature fields. It was found that steam condensation in steam injectors is an intense process with heat transfer rates in the order of 1 MW/(m2 K). The steam is always condensed at the equilibrium temperature and the turbulence created in the condensation zone mixes the hot condensate and heated product with the cold product. The efficiency of this turbulent transport determines the sufficient heat transfer area and thus the size of the steam/product interface. If the condensation rate is faster than the steam addition rate the condensation process is unstable which results in detachments, fluctuations, noise and vibrations

GJUTDESIGN 2005 - Design kvalitet och NDT för gjutna utmattningsbelastade komponenter

In order to gain a competitive advantage in the world marketplace, Nordic industries need to press forward in several critical research areas. For cast load-carrying and work producing components and structures there is a need to integrate efficient FE based analysis tools, reliable information on defect size, shape and location, and expertise on how complex variable amplitude and multi-axial loading influence fatigue damage in cast materials