On Certain Subshifts and their Associated Monoids

Within a subclass of monoids (with zero) a structural characterization is given of those that are associated to topologically transitive subshifts with Property (A).Comment: 11 page

Control Over Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanocrystal Heterostructures via Precursor Conversion Kinetics

Semiconductor nanocrystals have immense potential to make an impact in consumer products due to their narrow, tunable emission linewidths. One factor limiting their use is the ease and reproducibility of core/shell nanocrystal syntheses. This thesis aims to address this issue by providing chemical control over the formation of core/shell nanostructures by replacing engineering controls with kinetic controls. Chapter 1 contextualizes our study on nanoparticle synthesis with a brief discussion on the physics of quantum confinement and the importance of narrow size dispersities, core/shell band alignments, and low lattice mismatches and strain at core/shell nanocrystal interfaces. Next, the evolution of cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystal reagents is described, ranging from the original organometallic reagents used in the 1980s to modern approaches involving cadmium phosphonates and carboxylates. This is followed by a description of chalcogen precursors, highlighting the recent introduction of molecules whose well-controlled and tunable reaction rates allow for the size tuning of nanocrystals at 100% yield, and accompanying theories on nanocrystal nucleation. Chapter 2 covers work to expand the library of available sulfur precursors to a wider range of molecules relevant for the synthesis of cadmium sulfide nanocrystals. Using thioureas alone, only very fast or very slow precursor conversion rates can be accessed. This limits the accessible sizes of cadmium sulfide nanocrystals using a single hot injection of precursor at standardized reaction conditions. We observe that thiocarbonate and thiocarbamate precursors with varying electronic substituents allow access to intermediate precursor conversion rates and cadmium sulfide nanocrystal sizes. Interestingly, we note that these new precursor classes nucleate particles with higher monodispersity than ones synthesized from thioureas. These results indicate that in addition to precursor structure controlling precursor conversion rate, precursor structure additionally impacts nanocrystal monodispersity. Chapter 3 expands the library of sulfur and selenium precursors to include cyclic thiones and selenones which extends chemical control of precursor conversion kinetics to cover five orders of magnitude. This unprecedented breadth of rate control allows for the simultaneous hot injection of multiple precursors to generate core/shell or alloyed nanoparticles using precursor reactivity. Using this new synthetic strategy, we observe that kinetic control runs into several issues which we partially attribute to differences in cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide critical concentrations and growth rates. Nevertheless, combined with a syringe pump shelling method, we are able to access core/shell and alloyed nanocrystals with photoluminescence quantum yields of 67-81%. Chapter 4 applies the concept of nanostructure control via precursor conversion kinetics to a better model system: two-dimensional nanoplatelets. Cadmium chalcogenide nanoplatelets are highly desirable materials due to their exceptionally narrow emission full width half max (FWHM) values which make them pure emitters relative to quantum dots or organic dyes. We synthesize 3 monolayer thick nanoplatelets whose lateral dimensions vary from 10 nm x 10 nm to 186 x 100 nm and demonstrate compositional control on the smallest platelet sizes with STEM EELS

Exploratory analysis of high-resolution power interruption data reveals spatial and temporal heterogeneity in electric grid reliability

Modern grid monitoring equipment enables utilities to collect detailed records of power interruptions. These data are aggregated to compute publicly reported metrics describing high-level characteristics of grid performance. The current work explores the depth of insights that can be gained from public data, and the implications of losing visibility into heterogeneity in grid performance through aggregation. We present an exploratory analysis examining three years of high-resolution power interruption data collected by archiving information posted in real-time on the public-facing website of a utility in the Western United States. We report on the size, frequency and duration of individual power interruptions, and on spatio-temporal variability in aggregate reliability metrics. Our results show that metrics of grid performance can vary spatially and temporally by orders of magnitude, revealing heterogeneity that is not evidenced in publicly reported metrics. We show that limited access to granular information presents a substantive barrier to conducting detailed policy analysis, and discuss how more widespread data access could help to answer questions that remain unanswered in the literature to date. Given open questions about whether grid performance is adequate to support societal needs, we recommend establishing pathways to make high-resolution power interruption data available to support policy research.Comment: Journal submission (in review), 22 pages, 8 figures, 1 tabl

Waist circumference and insulin resistance: a cross-sectional study of Japanese men

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Visceral obesity is positively related to insulin resistance. The nature of the relationship between waist circumference and insulin resistance has not been known in Japanese populations. This study examined the relationship between waist circumference and insulin resistance and evaluated the optimal cutoff point for waist circumference in relation to insulin resistance in middle-aged Japanese men.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Study subjects included 4800 Japanese men aged 39 to 60 years. Insulin resistance was evaluated by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The relationship of waist circumference with HOMA-IR was assessed by use of adjusted means of HOMA-IR and odds ratios of elevated HOMA-IR defined as the highest quintile (≥2.00). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis using Youden index and the area under curve (AUC) was employed to determine optimal cutoffs of waist circumference in relation to HOMA-IR.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Adjusted geometric means of HOMA-IR and prevalence odds of elevated HOMA-IR were progressively higher with increasing levels of waist circumference. In the ROC curve analysis, the highest value of Youden index was obtained for a cutoff point of 85 cm in waist circumference across different values of HOMA-IR. Multiple logistic regression analysis also indicated that the AUC was consistently the largest for a waist circumference of 85 cm.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Waist circumference is linearly related to insulin resistance, and 85 cm in waist circumference is an optimal cutoff in predicting insulin resistance in middle-aged Japanese men.</p

Observations of Spontaneous Raman Scattering in Silicon Slow-light Photonic Crystal Waveguides

We report the observations of spontaneous Raman scattering in silicon photonic crystal waveguides. Continuous-wave measurements of Stokes emission for both wavelength and power dependence is reported in single line-defect waveguides in hexagonal lattice photonic crystal silicon membranes. By utilizing the Bragg gap edge dispersion of the TM-like mode for pump enhancement and the TE-like fundamental mode-onset for Stokes enhancement, the Stokes emission was observed to increase by up to five times in the region of slow group velocity. The results show explicit nonlinear enhancement in a silicon photonic crystal slow-light waveguide device.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure