FALL AND INJURY INCIDENCE RATES OF JOCKEYS WHILE RACING IN FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

The objective of this study is to provide quantitative details of the frequency and severity of injuries, especially head injuries, sustained by jockeys while racing. There is a lack of worldwide equestrian injury data and a lack of uniformity in the data that is available

Voltage-controlled inversion of tunnel magnetoresistance in epitaxial Nickel/Graphene/MgO/Cobalt junctions

We report on the fabrication and characterization of vertical spin-valve structures using a thick epitaxial MgO barrier as spacer layer and a graphene-passivated Ni film as bottom ferromagnetic electrode. The devices show robust and scalable tunnel magnetoresistance, with several changes of sign upon varying the applied bias voltage. These findings are explained by a model of phonon-assisted transport mechanisms that relies on the peculiarity of the band structure and spin density of states at the hybrid graphene|Ni interface

Optimal control of motorsport differentials

Modern motorsport limited slip differentials (LSD) have evolved to become highly adjustable, allowing the torque bias that they generate to be tuned in the corner entry, apex and corner exit phases of typical on-track manoeuvres. The task of finding the optimal torque bias profile under such varied vehicle conditions is complex. This paper presents a nonlinear optimal control method which is used to find the minimum time optimal torque bias profile through a lane change manoeuvre. The results are compared to traditional open and fully locked differential strategies, in addition to considering related vehicle stability and agility metrics. An investigation into how the optimal torque bias profile changes with reduced track-tyre friction is also included in the analysis. The optimal LSD profile was shown to give a performance gain over its locked differential counterpart in key areas of the manoeuvre where a quick direction change is required. The methodology proposed can be used to find both optimal passive LSD characteristics and as the basis of a semi-active LSD control algorithm

Karakterisasi Bentuk Partikel SiC yang Dilapisi dengan MgAl2O4 Berdasarkan Variabel Konsentrasi Ion Logam

Penelitian tentang karakteristik bentuk partikel SiC yang dilapisi dengan (MgAl2O4) berdasarkan variabel konsentrasi ion logam telah dilakukan. Dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi ion logam pada permukaan SiC dan mengetahui bentuk permukaan SiC yang sudah terlapisi dengan spinel. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode kopresipitasi dan menggunakan perbedaan konsentrasi Mg 0.6 gram, 1.2 gram, dan 3 gram. Karakterisasi dan identifikasi partikel SiC menggunakan XRD, SEM, dan EDX . Berdasarkan hasil penelitian bahwa pertambahan konsentrasi meningkatkan kekasaran permukaan dan luas kontak permukaan tetapi tidak mempengaruhi kesimetrian dari partikel SiC sehingga wetabbility partikel SiC ketika dipergunakan pada komposit akan meningkat

Seed mass predicts migration lag of European trees

International audienceAbstractKey messageWe reanalysed a dataset of tree distribution ranges in Europe to identify which plant traits best explain migration potential in woody species. Contrary to our intuition that tree longevity would best explain the ability of trees to migrate, we found that seed biomass was the only good descriptor of migration potential: trees with heavier seeds lag more.ContextTo cope with global warming, the majority of plants have either to migrate polewards or risk extinction. This is why conservationists value predictive models that can flag plant species that may not keep pace with global warming.AimsTo identify which plant traits best explain migration potential in woody species by reanalysing a dataset of tree distribution ranges in Europe.MethodsWe used two statistical approaches to quantify migration lag. A direct approach compared frequency of large trees in the two latitudinal extremes and a modelling approach in which we first corrected data for the influence of temperature and then assessed the influence of latitude over the entire distribution of the tree species.ResultsContrary to our intuition that tree longevity would best explain the ability of trees to migrate, we found that seed mass was the only good descriptor of migration potential: trees with heavier seeds lag more.ConclusionWe interpret our results in terms of the well-established trade-off between seed mass and seed production in spermatophytes and discuss the possible functional implications that will result from selectively losing large-seeded trees. In summary, we provide an empirical study on how woody communities will respond to global warming over the next years

Trastorno por juego en internet, cogniciones sociadas y deterioros cognitivos relacionados: Una revisión sistemática utilizando las directrices PRISMA

Background: Empirical research studies have highlighted the need to investigate the underlying cognitions and cognitive variables in relation to Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). However, little is known about the possible cognitive-related impairments associated with IGD. Objectives: The present paper extends previous research and uncovers additional key general cognitive-related outcomes of IGD via a systematic review of the empirical literature. Methods: The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis) guidelines were adopted. Internet-based bibliographic searches were conducted via seven major electronic databases (i.e., PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Core Collection BIOSIS Citation Index, MEDLINE, SciELO Citation Index, and PubMed) to access studies examining the association between IGD and cognitive outcomes. Results: A total of 17 empirical studies meeting the inclusion criteria that investigated the relationships between IGD and cognitions and/or cognitive-related outcomes were identified. Seven distinct cognitions and another ten distinct cognitiverelated impairments associated with IGD were identified. Conclusion: The present review found empirical evidence supporting the association of IGD with particular types of cognitions and specific cognitiverelated impairments.Introducción: Investigaciones empíricas han puntualizado la necesidad de indagar sobre las cogniciones subyacentes y las variables cognitivas asociadas con el Trastorno por Juego en Internet (IGD, por sus siglas en inglés). Sin embargo, es escaso el conocimiento sobre los posibles deterioros cognitivos asociados con el IGD. Objetivos: El presente estudio extiende la investigación previa y revela resultados generales de procesos cognitivos del IGD a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura empírica. Método: Se adoptaron las directrices PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis). Se realizaron búsquedas bibliográficas a través de siete bases de datos electrónicas (p.e., PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Core Collection BIOSIS Citation Index, MEDLINE, SciELO Citation Index y PubMed) para acceder a los estudios que examinan la relación entre IGD y resultados cognitivos. Resultados: Un total de 17 estudios empíricos que examinaban la relación entre IGD y cogniciones y/o resultados cognitivos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se identificaron siete cogniciones distintivas y otros diez deterioros cognitivos relacionados con el IGD. Conclusión: No existe evidencia para sustentar la asociación entre el IGD y determinados tipos de cogniciones y deficiencias cognitivas específicas

Analyzing the Effects of Coccolithophore Concentration on the Relationship Between Vertical Absorption Coefficient and Secchi Disk Depth

The study of how light passes through water, known as ocean optics, is useful in determining the constituents suspended at the surface of a water body. Understanding the composition of the water over time can answer questions about how the oceans have changed with global climate change and ocean acidification. The vertical absorption coefficient in ocean waters is an indicator characterizing how deeply light penetrates the water column. Using this information, scientists can better understand and predict the amount of primary productivity occurring in the area. Here we examine the relationship between vertical absorption coefficient and Secchi disk depth to determine if the concentration of a type of calcifying phytoplankton, coccolithophores, causes the relationship to deviate from the findings of a pivotal historical study conducted in 1929 by Poole and Atkins. Data was collected during July 2018 aboard the R/V Endeavor on the EN616 “Cocco-Mix” cruise in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Diffuse attenuation was determined using downwelling irradiance measurements gathered from a HyperPro that measures electromagnetic energy through the water column. Diffuse attenuation values were compared with Secchi disk depth measurements taken at the same time and location as the HyperPro casts. Results will contribute to our understanding of how the relationship between light extinction and Secchi disk depth changes between water bodies. This knowledge can be used to relate light extinction and Secchi disk depth in historical studies in the Northwest Atlantic that did not have access to more modern equipment to measure light extinction

Adición a Internet o uso problemático de Internet: ¿Qué término usar?

O uso da internet tem aumentado exponencialmente a nível mundial. Ainda que ele não seja por si só negativo, já que integra benefícios vários, alguns indivíduos parecem exibir problemas relacionados com o seu uso excessivo, descontrolado e disfuncional. Consequentemente, tem sido crescente, particularmente nas últimas duas décadas, o interesse dos investigadores em explorar este uso, quando excessivo e pouco saudável. Porém, e sendo um tema/constructo tratado por diferentes autores com quadros teóricos também diferentes, são vários os termos usados na literatura para descrever este fenómeno. Neste sentido, este artigo propõe-se a apresentar o trabalho uma revisão de literatura de dois dos conceitos mais usados e espartilhados na literatura científica, ou seja, adição à internet e uso problemático da internet.L’utilisation d’ Internet a augmenté de manière exponentielle dans le monde. Bien que l’utilisation d’ Internet ne soit pas négative en soi, étant donné qu’elle intègre plusieurs avantages, certaines personnes semblent présenter des problèmes liés à son utilisation excessive, incontrôlée et dysfonctionnelle. En conséquence, l’intérêt des chercheurs pour exploiter cet usage, qu’il soit excessif ou malsain, a augmenté, particulièrement au cours des deux dernières décennies. Cependant, étant un thème/construit traité par différents auteurs avec différents cadres théoriques, plusieurs termes sont utilisés dans la littérature pour décrire ce phénomène. En ce sens, nous proposons de présenter dans cet ouvrage une analyse de deux des concepts les plus utilisés et les plus partagés dans la littérature scientifique, à savoir l’addition à internet et son utilisation problématique.El uso de Internet ha aumentado exponencialmente a nivel mundial. Aunque esto no es por sí solo negativo ya que integra diversos beneficios, algunos individuos parecen presentar problemas relacionados con su uso excesivo, descontrolado y disfuncional. En consecuencia, en las últimas dos décadas ha aumentado cada vez más el interés de los investigadores en estudiar este uso, cuando es excesivo o poco saludable. Sin embargo, y siendo un tema/constructo tratado por diferentes autores con cuadros teóricos también diferentes, son varios los términos usados ​​en la literatura para describir este fenómeno. En este sentido, nos proponemos presentar en este trabajo una revisión de dos de los conceptos más usados y más divididos en la literatura científica, es decir, adición a Internet y uso problemático de Internet.Internet use has increased exponentially worldwide. Although the use itself is not negative, since it integrates several benefits, some individuals seem to show problems related to its excessive, uncontrolled, and dysfunctional use. Therefore, the interest of researchers in exploring this use, when it is excessive and unhealthy, has been growing, especially in the last two decades. However, being a subject/construct treated by different authors with different theoretical frameworks, several terms are used in the literature to describe this phenomenon. Regarding this, this article proposes to present a literature review of two of the most used and shared concepts in the scientific literature, that is, internet addiction and problematic internet use