Comparison of experimental susceptibility of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), turbot (Psetta maxima), Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax) and Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to lactococcus garvieae

WOS: 000348289800022Lactococcus garvieae is a major fish pathogen leads to haemorragic septicemia in many fish species. Present study was designed to determine and compare differences in susceptibilities of some important fish species to L. garvieae. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax; synonym, Salmo coruhensis), turbot (Psetta maxima), and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were kept at different temperature ranges (12-23 degrees C) for 30 days and challenged by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and immersion (imm) with L. garvieae (Lgper), isolated from rainbow trout and ATCC49156 strain. Bacteria were ranged between 1.7x10(5) - 2x10(6) colonies forming unit (cfu) fish(-1) in experiments. As a result of the experiments, Lgper strain had high virulence for rainbow trout, with 98% mortality when challenged by i.p. injection. Rainbow trout and Black Sea trout tested at the lower temperature (12 degrees C) were less susceptible (max. mortality 16%) to L. garvieae. These two fish species had similar susceptibilities to L. garvieae (P>0.05). There was no mortality or any clinical signs when turbot and sea bass were challenged with L. garvieae. the results of the study generate important source in controlling of possible lactococcosis outbreaks in aquaculture industry.Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI)This study was supported by the Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI). Experimental animals were conducted in accordance with national and institutional guidelines for the protection of animal welfare. We thank to Prof. Dr. Ilhan Altinok from Karadeniz Technical University for providing L. garvieae ATCC49156. We also thank Hakan Isidan, Esen Alp, Orhan Ak and Murat Dagtekin for their assistance. This article is a part of PhD thesis of Mustafa Ture

Determining Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Landraces from Türkiye Using SSR Markers

Assessment of genetic diversity among different varieties helps to improve desired characteristics of crops, including disease resistance, early maturity, high yield, and resistance to drought. Molecular markers are one of the most effective tools for discovering genetic diversity that can increase reproductive efficiency. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), which are codominant markers, are preferred for the determination of genetic diversity because they are highly polymorphic, multi-allelic, highly reproducible, and have good genome coverage. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of 40 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces collected from the Ispir district located in the Northeast Anatolia region of Türkiye and five commercial varieties using SSR markers. The Twenty-seven SSR markers produced a total of 142 polymorphic bands, ranging from 2 (GATS91 and PVTT001) to 12 (BM153) alleles per marker, with an average number of 5.26 alleles. The gene diversity per marker varied between 0.37 and 0.87 for BM053 and BM153 markers, respectively. When heterozygous individuals are calculated proportional to the population, the heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, with an average of 0.30. The expected heterozygosity of the SSR locus ranged from 0.37 (BM053) to 0.88 (BM153), with an average of 0.69. Nei’s gene diversity scored an average of 0.69. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values of SSR markers varied from 0.33 (BM053) to 0.86 (BM153), with an average of 0.63 per locus. The greatest genetic distance (0.83) was between lines 49, 50, 53, and cultivar Karacaşehir-90, while the shortest (0.08) was between lines 6 and 26. In cluster analysis using Nei’s genetic distance, 45 common bean genotypes were divided into three groups and very little relationship was found between the genotypes and the geographical distances. In genetic structure analysis, three subgroups were formed, including local landraces and commercial varieties. The result confirmed that the rich diversity existing in Ispir bean landraces could be used as a genetic resource in designing breeding programs and may also contribute to Türkiye bean breeding programs

Determining Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Landraces from Türkiye Using SSR Markers

Assessment of genetic diversity among different varieties helps to improve desired characteristics of crops, including disease resistance, early maturity, high yield, and resistance to drought. Molecular markers are one of the most effective tools for discovering genetic diversity that can increase reproductive efficiency. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), which are codominant markers, are preferred for the determination of genetic diversity because they are highly polymorphic, multi-allelic, highly reproducible, and have good genome coverage. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of 40 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces collected from the Ispir district located in the Northeast Anatolia region of Türkiye and five commercial varieties using SSR markers. The Twenty-seven SSR markers produced a total of 142 polymorphic bands, ranging from 2 (GATS91 and PVTT001) to 12 (BM153) alleles per marker, with an average number of 5.26 alleles. The gene diversity per marker varied between 0.37 and 0.87 for BM053 and BM153 markers, respectively. When heterozygous individuals are calculated proportional to the population, the heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, with an average of 0.30. The expected heterozygosity of the SSR locus ranged from 0.37 (BM053) to 0.88 (BM153), with an average of 0.69. Nei’s gene diversity scored an average of 0.69. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values of SSR markers varied from 0.33 (BM053) to 0.86 (BM153), with an average of 0.63 per locus. The greatest genetic distance (0.83) was between lines 49, 50, 53, and cultivar Karacaşehir-90, while the shortest (0.08) was between lines 6 and 26. In cluster analysis using Nei’s genetic distance, 45 common bean genotypes were divided into three groups and very little relationship was found between the genotypes and the geographical distances. In genetic structure analysis, three subgroups were formed, including local landraces and commercial varieties. The result confirmed that the rich diversity existing in Ispir bean landraces could be used as a genetic resource in designing breeding programs and may also contribute to Türkiye bean breeding programs

iPBS-Retrotransposon Markers in the Analysis of Genetic Diversity among Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Germplasm from Türkiye

Beans are legumes that play extremely important roles in human nutrition, serving as good sources of protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. In this study, we tried to elucidate the genetic diversity and population structure of 40 Turkish bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) local varieties and 5 commercial cultivars collected from 8 different locations in Erzurum-Ispir by using inter-primary binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon markers. For molecular characterization, the 26 most polymorphic iPBS primers were used; 52 bands per primer and 1350 bands in total were recorded. The mean polymorphism information content was 0.331. Various diversity indices, such as the mean effective allele number (0.706), mean Shannon’s information index (0.546), and gene diversity (0.361) revealed the presence of sufficient genetic diversity in the germplasm examined. Molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) revealed that 67% of variation in bean germplasm was due to differences within populations. In addition, population structure analysis exposed all local and commercial bean varieties from five sub-populations. Expected heterozygosity values ranged between 0.1567 (the fourth sub-population) and 0.3210 (first sub-population), with an average value of 0.2103. In contrary, population differentiation measurement (Fst) was identified as 0.0062 for the first sub-population, 0.6372 for the fourth subpopulations. This is the first study to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of bean germplasm in Erzurum-Ispir region using the iPBS-retrotransposon marker system. Overall, the current results showed that iPBS markers could be used consistently to elucidate the genetic diversity of local and commercial bean varieties and potentially be included in future studies examining diversity in a larger collection of local and commercial bean varieties from different regions

The Effect of Mammalian Sex Hormones on Polymorphism and Genomic Instability in the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Mammalian sex hormones are steroid-structured compounds that support the growth and development of plants at low concentrations. Since they affect the physiological processes in plants, it has been thought that mammalian sex hormones may cause modifications to plant genomes and epigenetics. This study aims to determine whether different mammalian sex hormones (17 β-estradiol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone) in several concentrations (0, 10−4, 10−6, and 10−8 mM) affect genetic or epigenetic levels in bean plants, using in vitro tissue cultures from plumule explants. We investigated levels of DNA damage, changes in DNA methylation and DNA stability in common bean exposed to mammalian sex hormones (MSH) using inter-primer binding site (iPBS) and Coupled Restriction Enzyme Digestion-iPBS (CRED-iPBS) assays, respectively. The highest rate of polymorphism in iPBS profiles was observed when 10−4 mM of estrogen (52.2%) hormone was administered. This finding indicates that genetic stability is reduced. In the CRED-iPBS profile, which reveals the methylation level associated with the DNA cytosine nucleotide, 10−4 mM of estrogen hormone exhibited the highest hypermethylation value. Polymorphism was observed in all hormone administrations compared to the control (without hormone), and it was determined that genomic stability was decreased at high concentrations. Taken together, the results indicate that 17 β-estradiol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in bean plants affect genomic instability and cause epigenetic modifications, which is an important control mechanism in gene expression

The Effect of Mammalian Sex Hormones on Polymorphism and Genomic Instability in the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Mammalian sex hormones are steroid-structured compounds that support the growth and development of plants at low concentrations. Since they affect the physiological processes in plants, it has been thought that mammalian sex hormones may cause modifications to plant genomes and epigenetics. This study aims to determine whether different mammalian sex hormones (17 β-estradiol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone) in several concentrations (0, 10−4, 10−6, and 10−8 mM) affect genetic or epigenetic levels in bean plants, using in vitro tissue cultures from plumule explants. We investigated levels of DNA damage, changes in DNA methylation and DNA stability in common bean exposed to mammalian sex hormones (MSH) using inter-primer binding site (iPBS) and Coupled Restriction Enzyme Digestion-iPBS (CRED-iPBS) assays, respectively. The highest rate of polymorphism in iPBS profiles was observed when 10−4 mM of estrogen (52.2%) hormone was administered. This finding indicates that genetic stability is reduced. In the CRED-iPBS profile, which reveals the methylation level associated with the DNA cytosine nucleotide, 10−4 mM of estrogen hormone exhibited the highest hypermethylation value. Polymorphism was observed in all hormone administrations compared to the control (without hormone), and it was determined that genomic stability was decreased at high concentrations. Taken together, the results indicate that 17 β-estradiol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in bean plants affect genomic instability and cause epigenetic modifications, which is an important control mechanism in gene expression

Comparison of muscle fatty acids of three trout species (Salvelinus alpinus, Salmo trutta fario, Oncorhynchus mykiss) raised under the same conditions

During recent decades, the study of fatty acids (FAs) belonging to the n-3 family in seafood has intensified due to their beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease. This study was undertaken to determine the FA composition of muscle lipids of three different farm raised trouts (Salvelinus alpinus, Salmo trutta fario and Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed the same diet and raised under the same conditions. Paimitic acid (16:0) in total saturated fatty acid (SFA) and oleic acid (18:1 n-9) in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) were the most abundant FAs and significant differences (P 0.05). O. mykiss had the highest n-3 PUFA (22.41%) while S. trutta fario showed the greatest n-6 PUFA concentration. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) concentrations were 3.07, 3.03 and 1.78% in O. mykiss, S. alpinus and S. trutta fario, respectively. In addition, O. mykiss had a higher content (19.17%) of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) than S. alpinus (115.45%) and S. trutta fario (12.74%), and the difference of this FA among the trouts was significant (P < 0.01). The ratios of n-3/n-6 PUFA content indicating the availability of n-3 PUFA that are beneficial for human health were 1.58, 1.27 and 0.95 for O. mykiss, S. alpinus and S. trutta fario, respectively. In conclusion, the results of this research for FA analysis suggest the superiority of rainbow trout (O. mykiss) for human nutrition in terms of n-3 PUFA contents and the effects on health

Comparison of fatty acid profiles of different tissues of mature trout (Salmo trutta labrax, Pallas, 1811) caught from Kazandere creek in the Coruh region, Erzurum, Turkey

The fatty acid (FA) composition of some tissues of Salmo trutta labrax, Pallas, 1811 mature native freshwater wild salmon species caught from Kazandere creek in the Coruh region in Turkey were investigated. Fatty acids profiles of muscle, liver, gonad, egg and adipose tissue were compared in terms of total and individual saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The results showed that the highest total saturated fatty acid content was in the muscle (37.20 +/- 1.13%) while the lowest value was in the egg (27.12 +/- 2.53%), and the differences were significant (P 0.05) for the tissues but n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the egg (48.09 +/- 9.37%) compared to in the other tissues. However, the lowest n-3 PUFA content was determined in the gonads (23.88 +/- 5.41%) and statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among the tissues. Similar results were also determined for n-6 PUFA content in the eggs (6.46 +/- 1.02%), and the n-3/n-6 ratio was significant for the tissues tested. The principal fatty acids of the tissues of the trout were 16:0, 18:1n-9c and 22:6n-3, and their ratios in the tissues were significantly different (P < 0.01). Finally, it is hypothesized that the high altitude of the catching environment might affect the fatty acid profile of the fish studied, and there is a great deal of potential to produce food fishes rich in n-3 PUFA content