Formulasi Gel Hand Sanitizer dari Ekstrak Metanol Kulit Semangka (Citrullus Lanatus)

Hand sanitizer merupakan sediaan yang digunakan untuk menjaga kesehatan dan kebersihan tangan, serta penggunaannya lebih praktis. Sebagian besar hand sanitizer tersedia dalam bentuk cair atau gel. Umumnya gel hand sanitizer berbahan dasar alkohol. Namun penggunaan secara terus-menerus alkohol dapat mengiritasi kulit. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya alternatif bahan alam yang dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi terjadinya iritasi kulit. Salah satu bahan alam yang terbukti sebagai antibakteri adalah kulit semangka (Citrullus lanatus). Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk melihat potensi gel hand sanitizer ekstrak metanol kulit semangka terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Metode penelitian yang digunakan riset empirik dengan platform luring dengan melaksanakan protokol kesehatan secara ketat di masa pandemi Covid-19. Ekstrak metanol kulit semangka dilakukan pengujian antibakteri terhadap bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus dengan tiga konsentrasi yaitu 15%, 17,5% dan 20%. Formulasi dibuat dengan variasi konsentrasi karbopol yaitu konsentrasi 1%, 1,5% dan konsentrasi 2%, kemudian dilakukan evaluasi sifat fisik dari sediaan gel. Ekstrak metanol kulit semangka 15% memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri E.coli dengan rata-rata zona hambat 5,03±1,98 mm (kategori daya hambat cukup) dan pada bakteri S. aureus 2,53±2,40 mm (kategori daya hambat lemah). Formula 1 (karbopol 1%) dan formula 2 (karbopol 1,5%) memenuhi syarat evaluasi sifat fisik sediaan gel yaitu pada uji organoleptik, pH, viskositas, homogenitas, dan daya sebar. Sedangkan untuk formula 3 (karbopol 2%) tidak memenuhi pada uji fisik yaitu uji daya sebar

Reproductive Characteristics of the Pond-Farmed Sultan Fish (Leptobarbus Hoevenii)

Highlight ResearchThe reproductive characteristics of L. hoevenii were examinedThe potentially smallest maturity sizes of female and male L. hoevenii were 350 g and 180 g, respectivelyThe fecundity of a 1,000 g L. hoevenii can be more than 100,000 eggsL. hoevenii was determined as a multiple spawnerAbstractSultan fish (Leptobarbus hoevenii) is a high value freshwater fish, cultured in some Southeast Asian countries, including Malaysia and Thailand. However, information on its reproductive characteristics is very scarce. This study examined the gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity, egg diameter, and determined whether L. hoevenii is a single- or multiple-spawner. Twenty male and female pond-farmed L. hoevenii broodstock were obtained to measure their total length (TL), body weight (BW) and gonad weight to calculate the GSI. Ten females were randomly sampled from the 20 to determine their fecundity. A total of 1,500 eggs were sampled from each female. The egg diameter was measured then its frequency distribution was analyzed to detect the number of egg class group, and to determine whether L. hoevenii is a single- or multiple spawner. The female L. hoevenii examined were 32.2-47.1 cm and 350-1,200 g, while the males were 30.7-45.8 cm and 180-970 g in TL and BW, respectively. All female specimens contained gonads. The potentially smallest mature samples were recorded at 350 g (female) and 180 g (male). GSI for the female and male L. hoevenii were 1.81-12.28 % and 1.03-5.09 %, respectively. The fecundity was 35,467 -128,067 eggs, while the highest fecundity was observed in a 1,000 g fish. The observed egg diameter ranged from 500 to 1,855 μm. Two to five groups of egg class were detected, indicating that L. hoevenii is a multiple spawner

Association between administration of IL-6 antagonists and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19 : a meta-analysis

IMPORTANCE Clinical trials assessing the efficacy of IL-6 antagonists in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 have variously reported benefit, no effect, and harm. OBJECTIVE To estimate the association between administration of IL-6 antagonists compared with usual care or placebo and 28-day all-cause mortality and other outcomes. DATA SOURCES Trials were identified through systematic searches of electronic databases between October 2020 and January 2021. Searches were not restricted by trial status or language. Additional trials were identified through contact with experts. STUDY SELECTION Eligible trials randomly assigned patients hospitalized for COVID-19 to a group in whom IL-6 antagonists were administered and to a group in whom neither IL-6 antagonists nor any other immunomodulators except corticosteroids were administered. Among 72 potentially eligible trials, 27 (37.5%) met study selection criteria. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS In this prospectivemeta-analysis, risk of biaswas assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Inconsistency among trial results was assessed using the I-2 statistic. The primary analysis was an inverse variance-weighted fixed-effects meta-analysis of odds ratios (ORs) for 28-day all-cause mortality. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome measurewas all-cause mortality at 28 days after randomization. There were 9 secondary outcomes including progression to invasive mechanical ventilation or death and risk of secondary infection by 28 days. RESULTS A total of 10 930 patients (median age, 61 years [range of medians, 52-68 years]; 3560 [33%] were women) participating in 27 trials were included. By 28 days, there were 1407 deaths among 6449 patients randomized to IL-6 antagonists and 1158 deaths among 4481 patients randomized to usual care or placebo (summary OR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.79-0.95]; P =.003 based on a fixed-effects meta-analysis). This corresponds to an absolute mortality risk of 22% for IL-6 antagonists compared with an assumed mortality risk of 25% for usual care or placebo. The corresponding summary ORs were 0.83 (95% CI, 0.74-0.92; P <.001) for tocilizumab and 1.08 (95% CI, 0.86-1.36; P =.52) for sarilumab. The summary ORs for the association with mortality compared with usual care or placebo in those receiving corticosteroids were 0.77 (95% CI, 0.68-0.87) for tocilizumab and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.61-1.38) for sarilumab. The ORs for the association with progression to invasive mechanical ventilation or death, compared with usual care or placebo, were 0.77 (95% CI, 0.70-0.85) for all IL-6 antagonists, 0.74 (95% CI, 0.66-0.82) for tocilizumab, and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.74-1.34) for sarilumab. Secondary infections by 28 days occurred in 21.9% of patients treated with IL-6 antagonists vs 17.6% of patients treated with usual care or placebo (OR accounting for trial sample sizes, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.85-1.16). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this prospectivemeta-analysis of clinical trials of patients hospitalized for COVID-19, administration of IL-6 antagonists, compared with usual care or placebo, was associated with lower 28-day all-cause mortality