La pensée critique en éducation : le point de vue herméneutique

L'enseignement-apprentissage de la pensée critique est souvent lié à l'activation des capacités cognitives dans la résolution d'une situation problème ou à l'analyse rationnelle des arguments et des critères. Ces deux conceptions font abstraction du sujet qui pense. Ce sujet qui est avant tout un sujet historique: un sujet de culture. Enseigner la pensée critique, dans une perspective herméneutique comme un va-et-vient dialectique entre l'appropriation et la distanciation, consiste à amener l'élève à entrer dans un processus de compréhension circulaire du soi, de l'autre et du monde, dans un processus qui fait appel à sa conscience critique et historique

Dyadic Dynamics: The Impact of Emotional Responses to Facial Expressions on the Perception of Power

Emotion expressions play a central role in social communication, which, by definition is a dynamic process. Social communication involves the exchange of signals with temporal dynamic properties between two or more individuals. Nonetheless, emotion perception research has strongly focused on the study of single, static, unidirectional images. The goal of this research is to illustrate the dynamic nature of emotion communication by showing how the back and forth of a dyadic emotional interaction affects its perception by uninvolved observers. To that aim, we conducted three studies that investigated how observer’s inferences of social power are influenced by an exchange of emotions between members of a dyad. In Study 1, participants saw one person showing either anger or sadness to which the second member of the dyad reacted by showing either anger, fear or neutrality. In Study 1, only still photos were shown in sequence. In Studies 2 and 3, more dynamic stimuli and other emotions were included. Even though an angry expresser was always perceived as more powerful than a sad expresser, the emotional reactions of the interaction partner modulated perceived power. Across all three studies and different levels of dynamic stimuli, fear reactions always increased perceived power. Happiness, contempt and neutrality affected perceived power more selectively. This effect was mediated by the extent to which participants felt that the reaction of the second interaction partner suggested that the second interaction partner agreed with regard to the power differential between the two. Taken together, these experiments show that the social signal value of emotion expressions changes meaningfully as a function of the emotional response of the expressions’ target. Thus, the social signal value of emotions does not stand alone but has to be understood in the fuller context of the interaction

Os insucessos das coroas dentárias

Introdução: As coroas dentárias são próteses fixas que cobrem dentes danificados. Objetivos: Este estudo pretende avaliar os fatores que podem contribuir para os seus insucessos, e avaliar os mais prevalentes. Material e métodos: A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada no PubMed e Scielo usando as palavras-chaves abaixo mencionadas. Os critérios de inclusão envolveram artigos em inglês publicados desde 2013, sobre a taxa de sobrevivência e evolução das coroas. Foram incluídos artigos noutros idiomas, meta-análises, ensaios clínicos randomizados e revisões sistemáticas. Resultados: Vinte e oito artigos foram selecionados após filtragem e avaliação para atender aos objetivos do estudo. Seus resultados foram analisados para identificar os insucessos em coroas. Discussão: Frequentemente o insucesso duma coroa é multifatorial, sendo os fatores biológicos e técnicos os mais comuns. Nos biológicos, destacam-se as complicações periodontais e dentárias: recessões gengivais, periodontites, processos periapicais, cáries recorrentes, hipersensibilidade pós-operatória, e problemas de higiene oral. Já os técnicos incluem “chippings”, descolamento, problemas com forças oclusais, forma/material da coroa. A insatisfação do paciente devido a problemas estéticos e alérgicos também contribui para o seu insucesso. Além das parafunções e doenças sistémicas outras razões também podem influenciar o sucesso das coroas: fraturas radiculares, problemas com a técnica CAD/CAM, insucessos radiológicos, fatores demográficos, localização da coroa e operador. Conclusão: Para o sucesso nas coroas dentárias, é necessário considerar vários fatores que podem influenciar o seu resultado. Os profissionais devem adotar as melhores práticas e garantir a satisfação dos pacientes.Introduction: Crowns are fixed prostheses that cover damaged teeth. Objectives: This study examines the factors that may contribute to their failure and evaluates the most prevalent ones. Materials and Methods: A bibliographic search was conducted on PubMed and Scielo using the keywords mentioned below. Inclusion criteria involved English articles published since 2013 on the survival and evolution of crowns. Other language articles, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, and systematic reviews were also included. Results: Twenty-eight articles were selected after filtering and evaluating them to meet the study objectives. Their results were analyzed to identify crown failures. Discussion: The failure of a crown is often multifactorial, even though biological and technical factors are the most common. Among biological factors, periodontal and dental complications, such as gingival recession, periodontitis, periapical processes, pulpitis, recurrent caries, postoperative hypersensitivity, as well as problems with oral hygiene and food impaction, are highlighted. Technical factors include chipping, debonding, or problems with occlusal forces, crown shape or material. Patient dissatisfaction due to aesthetic problems and pain also contributes to their failure, in addition to patient parafunction and diseases. Other reasons, such as root fractures, problems with CAD/CAM technique, radiographic failures, patient demographics, crown location, and operator, can also influence the results. Conclusion: To achieve success in dental crowns, it is necessary to consider various factors that can influence the outcome. Professionals should adopt the best practices to prevent failure and ensure patient satisfactio

THE IMPACT OF THE PERCEPTION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON CONSUMER LOYALTY : AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

In the face of the recent intensification in social communication in the service sector, it is important to assess its impact on the perception and behaviors of consumers. The purpose of this article is first to understand the expectations of consumers with regard to social responsibility; second, to study the impact of philanthropic activities on consumers’ loyalty. Our exploratory study of Moroccan consumers has allowed us to highlight the expectations of consumers in terms of CSR and to understand how these activities can impact their loyalty. Based on the review of the relevant literature and the results extracted from the study, we propose a model of theoretical analysis and hypotheses to be tested as part of empirical studie

Multiobjective optimization of water distribution systems accounting for economic cost, hydraulic reliability, and greenhouse gas emissions

In this paper, three objectives are considered for the optimization of water distribution systems (WDSs): the traditional objectives of minimizing economic cost and maximizing hydraulic reliability and the recently proposed objective of minimizing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is particularly important to include the GHG minimization objective for WDSs involving pumping into storages or water transmission systems (WTSs), as these systems are the main contributors of GHG emissions in the water industry. In order to better understand the nature of tradeoffs among these three objectives, the shape of the solution space and the location of the Pareto-optimal front in the solution space are investigated for WTSs and WDSs that include pumping into storages, and the implications of the interaction between the three objectives are explored from a practical design perspective. Through three case studies, it is found that the solution space is a U-shaped curve rather than a surface, as the tradeoffs among the three objectives are dominated by the hydraulic reliability objective. The Pareto-optimal front of real-world systems is often located at the "elbow" section and lower "arm" of the solution space (i.e., the U-shaped curve), indicating that it is more economic to increase the hydraulic reliability of these systems by increasing pipe capacity (i.e., pipe diameter) compared to increasing pumping power. Solutions having the same GHG emission level but different cost-reliability tradeoffs often exist. Therefore, the final decision needs to be made in conjunction with expert knowledge and the specific budget and reliability requirements of the system. © 2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.Wenyan Wu, Holger R. Maier, and Angus R. Simpso

Novel drug delivery systems targeting intraocular tissues

The availability of new therapeutic molecules for the management of chronic intraocular diseases has highlighted the deficiency of drug delivery systems for their administration. New research programs on drug delivery methods designed to reduce the administration frequency have led to the development of various polymers, biodegradable or not, that release therapeutic molecules directly into the vitreous cavity. Two innovating ocular delivery methods are now available, based on the use of electrical current: iontophoresis, a non-invasive intraocular delivery method for various molecules, and plasmid electroporation into the ciliary muscle, in which the muscle produces a therapeutic molecule directly inside the posterior chamber for several months. In the near future, we will be able to administer therapeutic molecules to treat a specific disease using a method of administration targeting a specific intraocular tissue.La mise sur le marché de molécules innovantes pour le traitement des maladies oculaires chroniques a révélé la pauvreté des moyens de les administrer, mais elle a aussi ouvert la voie à la recherche dans ce domaine. Dans le but de limiter la fréquence des administrations, des polymères, biodégradables ou non, ont été développés pour libérer des principes actifs directement dans la cavité vitréenne. L'utilisation du courant électrique est à l'origine de deux techniques d'administration innovantes: l'iontophorèse, qui permet d'administrer des principes actifs en intraoculaire sans aucune effraction, et l'électroporation de plasmide dans le muscle ciliaire, qui permet de faire produire par ce muscle une molécule thérapeutique, directement dans la chambre postérieure, et ce pendant plusieurs mois. Dans le futur proche, pour chaque maladie nécessitant un principe actif particulier, nous disposerons d'une méthode adaptée d'administration ciblant spécifiquement un tissu oculaire

Single-stranded oligonucleotide-mediated in vivo gene repair in the rd1 retina

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to test whether oligonucleotide-targeted gene repair can correct the point mutation in genomic DNA of PDE6b(rd1) (rd1) mouse retinas in vivo. METHODS: Oligonucleotides (ODNs) of 25 nucleotide length and complementary to genomic sequence subsuming the rd1 point mutation in the gene encoding the beta-subunit of rod photoreceptor cGMP-phosphodiesterase (beta-PDE), were synthesized with a wild type nucleotide base at the rd1 point mutation position. Control ODNs contained the same nucleotide bases as the wild type ODNs but with varying degrees of sequence mismatch. We previously developed a repeatable and relatively non-invasive technique to enhance ODN delivery to photoreceptor nuclei using transpalpebral iontophoresis prior to intravitreal ODN injection. Three such treatments were performed on C3H/henJ (rd1) mouse pups before postnatal day (PN) 9. Treatment outcomes were evaluated at PN28 or PN33, when retinal degeneration was nearly complete in the untreated rd1 mice. The effect of treatment on photoreceptor survival was evaluated by counting the number of nuclei of photoreceptor cells and by assessing rhodopsin immunohistochemistry on flat-mount retinas and sections. Gene repair in the retina was quantified by allele-specific real time PCR and by detection of beta-PDE-immunoreactive photoreceptors. Confirmatory experiments were conducted using independent rd1 colonies in separate laboratories. These experiments had an additional negative control ODN that contained the rd1 mutant nucleotide base at the rd1 point mutation site such that the sole difference between treatment with wild type and control ODN was the single base at the rd1 point mutation site. RESULTS: Iontophoresis enhanced the penetration of intravitreally injected ODNs in all retinal layers. Using this delivery technique, significant survival of photoreceptors was observed in retinas from eyes treated with wild type ODNs but not control ODNs as demonstrated by cell counting and rhodopsin immunoreactivity at PN28. Beta-PDE immunoreactivity was present in retinas from eyes treated with wild type ODN but not from those treated with control ODNs. Gene correction demonstrated by allele-specific real time PCR and by counts of beta-PDE-immunoreactive cells was estimated at 0.2%. Independent confirmatory experiments showed that retinas from eyes treated with wild type ODN contained many more rhodopsin immunoreactive cells compared to retinas treated with control (rd1 sequence) ODN, even when harvested at PN33. CONCLUSIONS: Short ODNs can be delivered with repeatable efficiency to mouse photoreceptor cells in vivo using a combination of intravitreal injection and iontophoresis. Delivery of therapeutic ODNs to rd1 mouse eyes resulted in genomic DNA conversion from mutant to wild type sequence, low but observable beta-PDE immunoreactivity, and preservation of rhodopsin immunopositive cells in the outer nuclear layer, suggesting that ODN-directed gene repair occurred and preserved rod photoreceptor cells. Effects were not seen in eyes treated with buffer or with ODNs having the rd1 mutant sequence, a definitive control for this therapeutic approach. Importantly, critical experiments were confirmed in two laboratories by several different researchers using independent mouse colonies and ODN preparations from separate sources. These findings suggest that targeted gene repair can be achieved in the retina following enhanced ODN delivery

Drug discovery in ophthalmology: past success, present challenges, and future opportunities

BACKGROUND: Drug discovery has undergone major transformations in the last century, progressing from the recognition and refinement of natural products with therapeutic benefit, to the systematic screening of molecular libraries on whole organisms or cell lines and more recently to a more target-based approach driven by greater knowledge of the physiological and pathological pathways involved. Despite this evolution increasing challenges within the drug discovery industry are causing escalating rates of failure of development pipelines. DISCUSSION: We review the challenges facing the drug discovery industry, and discuss what attempts are being made to increase the productivity of drug development, including a refocusing on the study of the basic biology of the disease, and an embracing of the concept of ‘translational research’. We consider what ophthalmic drug discovery can learn from the sector in general and discuss strategies to overcome the present limitations. This includes advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of disease; improvements in animal models of human disease; improvements in ophthalmic drug delivery and attempts at patient stratification within clinical trials. SUMMARY: As we look to the future, we argue that investment in ophthalmic drug development must continue to cover the whole translational spectrum (from ‘bench to bedside and back again’) with recognition that both biological discovery and clinical understanding will drive drug discovery, providing safe and effective therapies for ocular disease