Managing paediatric eosinophilic gastroenteropathies: a community experience

Awareness and diagnoses of eosinophilic gastroenteropathies have increased over the past decade. We report 3 cases of eosinophilic gastroenteropathies in children who were diagnosed by endoscopy, allergy tested by skin prick and patch testing, and managed with the use of avoidance/elemental diets

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Genotypes Among Young Apparently Healthy Females of Karachi-Pakistan

INTRODUCTION: Although the prevalence of hepatitis virus infections in Pakistan is still unknown, limited data indicate that the exposure rate to HBV is 35-38% with 4% being carriers and 32% having anti-HBV surface antibodies through natural conversion [1,2,3]. Studies in Pakistan have shown that the prevalence rate of HCV is 4.8-14% for, and that it is continuously increasing. Hence there is an urgent need to create awareness about the prevalence of both hepatitis B and C, and to develop preventive measures aimed at minimizing the prevalence of these diseases in the country.Study Design: Prospective, descriptive study. The study took place from March 2002 till October 2006 at two university campuses in Karachi.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 4000 healthy female students were screened for HBs Ag, anti-HBs antibodies and anti-HCV antibodies by rapid immunochromatography, ELISA and PCR.RESULTS: A total of 3820 volunteers (95.5%) were negative by all three methods, 181 (4.5%) tested positive for HB surface antigen and 20 (0.5%) were positive for anti HB surface antibodies; 208 volunteers (5.2%) were positive for HCV. Double infection with HBV and HCV was found in only one patient (0.025%). Out of 180 HBs antigen positive samples 151 (83.89%) were genotype D, 28 (15.56%) showed mixed infection with genotypes B and D, and one patient (0.56%) showed mixed infection with genotypes C and D. Out of 208 samples positive for HCV antibodies, 107 (51.44%) were genotype 3a, 50 (24.04%) were mix of genotype 3a and 3b, 33 (15.87%) were genotype 3b, 10 (4.81%) were genotype 1b while, 8 (3.84%) samples could not be typed.CONCLUSION: Although the presence of these pathogenic viruses was not very high in our young healthy female population, it is still a matter of concern to control the unregulated spread of these deadly infections by promoting increased awareness and regular immunization programs in the community. Local manufacturing of vaccines and related products may reduce these infections

Desain Mainan Edukasi Balok Modul untuk Anak Usia 8-12 Tahun Bertema Candi

Mainan edukasi adalah jenis mainan yang dapat memberikan pembelajaran tertentu kepada penggunanya (anak-anak). Berdasarkan pada Standar Kompetensi Sekolah Dasar mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengatahuan Sosial kelas V menyebutkan tentang pentingnya mengenal bangunan peninggalan masa hindu budha. Di lain pihak, pasar mainan anak saat ini banyak dikuasai oleh produk import menyebabkan tergesernya produk mainan dalam negeri. Fenomena tersebut adalah dasar perancangan dalam desain mainan edukasi bertema candi. Metode yang digunakan dalam Tugas Akhir ini adalah deep interview kepada arkeolog di Balai Konservasi Candi Borobudur serta observasi langsung terhadap stupa Borobudur. Proses studi dan analisa yang dilakukan dalam Tugas Akhir antara lain analisa penyederhanaan bentuk, analisa user, analisa mekanisme sambungan, analisa bagian bagian stupa sampai kepada analisa proses produksi. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam Tugas Akhir ini berupa serial produk mainan balok modul dalam bentuk puzzle 3D bertema stupa Borobudur untuk anak usia 8-12 tahun

Pengaruh Problem Based Learning ( Pbl ) terhadap Hasil Belajar pada Sub Materi Pencemaran Air di SMP

This study aims to determine the difference of student learning outcomes before and after learning using Problem Based learning learning model. The form of research done in this research is experimental research with the design used in this research is nonequivalent control group design.The data collection tool in this research is test result of study in form of essay.The data analysis result using U-mann whitney test with α = 5% Obtained by Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.001, meaning that there are differences in the skills of the student science process taught by using Problem Based Learning with the conventional learning model on the water pollution sub-matter. Result of effect size shows that Problem Based Learning model gives 39.44% influence to students\u27 learning outcomes in sub pollution in SMPN 1 Seberuang, Kapuas Hulu. Kata kunci : Problem based learning, Learning outcome, water pollution