Determinants of indoor PMâ‚‚.â‚…, black smoke, VOCs and NOâ‚‚

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Cancer mortality risks from long-term exposure to ambient fine particle

Background: Few studies have assessed long-term effects of particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) on mortality for causes of cancer other than the lung; we assessed the effects on multiple causes. In Hong Kong, most people live and work in urban or suburban areas with high-rise buildings. This facilitates the estimation of PM2.5 exposure of individuals, taking into account the height of residence above ground level for assessment of the long-term health effects with sufficient statistical power. Methods: We recruited 66,820 persons who were ≥65 in 1998 to 2001 and followed up for mortality outcomes until 2011. Annual concentrations of PM at their residential addresses were estimated using PM2.5 concentrations measured at fixed-site monitors, horizontal–vertical locations, and satellite data. We used Cox regression model to assess the HR of mortality for cancer per 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5. Results: PM2.5 was associated with increased risk of mortality for all causes of cancer [HR, 1.22 (95% CI, 1.11–1.34)] and for specific cause of cancer in upper digestive tract [1.42 (1.06–1.89)], digestive accessory organs [1.35 (1.06–1.71)] in all subjects; breast [1.80 (1.26–2.55)] in females; and lung [1.36 (1.05–1.77)] in males. Conclusions: Long-term exposures to PM2.5 are associated with elevated risks of cancer in various organs. Impact: This study is particularly timely in China, where compelling evidence is needed to support the pollution control policy to ameliorate the health damages associated with economic growth

Manon

De cada obra s'ha digitalitzat un programa sencer. De la resta s'han digitalitzat les parts que són diferents.Direcció artística Empresa Juan Mestres CalvetEmpresa: Juan Mestres CalvetÒpera de Jules Massene

Meteorological conditions and air pollution concentrations in 1998

<p>Meteorological conditions and air pollution concentrations in 1998</p

Descriptive statistics of all adults who died at age 30 or above in year 1998

<p>E₀ = never/seldom; E₁ = low/moderate; E₂ = frequent</p

Plots of weekly proportion of total specimens positive for influenza isolation in 1998.

<p>Plots of weekly proportion of total specimens positive for influenza isolation in 1998.</p

Excess risk (ER) % in the never/seldom exercise group, and difference in excess risk (ΔER)% of mortality associated with each 10% increase in influenza intensity for low/moderate and frequent exercise relative to the never/seldom exercise.

<p>ER% were assessed by Poisson regression, and ΔER% were assessed by multinomial logistic regression, negative values indicate odds reduction vs never/seldom exercise (P-values: ^*<0.05 ^**<0.01 ^***<0.001 ^****<0.0001); ‘Never/Seldom’ means adults who never exercised or exercised less than once per month, ‘Low/Moderate’ means adults who exercised at least once per month to three times per week, and ‘Frequent’ means adults who exercised four times or more per week</p