How many species of whipworms do we share? Whipworms from man and other primates form two phylogenetic lineages

The whipworms, i.e. parasitic nematodes of the genus Trichuris Roederer, 1761, infect a variety of mammals. Apparently low diversity of primate-infecting species of Trichuris strongly contrasts with the high number of species described in other mammalian hosts. The present study addresses the diversity of whipworms in captive and free-ranging primates and humans by analysing nuclear (18S rRNA, ITS2) and mitochondrial (cox1) DNA. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that primate whipworms form two independent lineages: (i) the Trichuris trichiura (Linnaeus, 1771) clade comprised of genetically almost identical whipworms from human and other primates, which suggests the ability of T. trichiura to infect a broader range of primates; (ii) a clade containing primarily Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788, where isolates from human and various primates formed a sister group to isolates from pigs; the former isolates thus may represent of more species of Trichuris in primates including humans. The analysis of cox1 has shown the polyphyly of the genera Trichuris and Capillaria, Zeder, 1800. High sequence similarity of the T. trichiura isolates from humans and other primates suggests their zoonotic potential, although the extent of transmission between human and other non‐human primates remains questionable and requires further stud

Traditional and contemporary diplomatic relations between the Czech Republic and Norway

Práce shrnuje česko-norské vztahy od počátku (19. století) do současnosti (2008). Zaměřuje se především na vývoj československé a české zahraniční politiky ve vztahu k Norsku. Jsou popsány obchodní vztahy mezi oběma zeměmi (včetně hodnot obchodní výměny), dále kulturní, školská a vědecká spolupráce. Samostatně je pojednáno o vztahu obou zemí k Evropské unii a také o vlivu EU na vztahy ČR a Norska

Tradice a současnost diplomatických vztahů České republiky a Norska

Práce shrnuje česko-norské vztahy od počátku (19. století) do současnosti (2008). Zaměřuje se především na vývoj československé a české zahraniční politiky ve vztahu k Norsku. Jsou popsány obchodní vztahy mezi oběma zeměmi (včetně hodnot obchodní výměny), dále kulturní, školská a vědecká spolupráce. Samostatně je pojednáno o vztahu obou zemí k Evropské unii a také o vlivu EU na vztahy ČR a Norska

Divergent mitochondrial respiratory chains in phototrophic relatives of apicomplexan parasites

Four respiratory complexes and ATP-synthase represent central functional units in mitochondria. In some mitochondria and derived anaerobic organelles, a few or all of these respiratory complexes have been lost during evolution. We show that the respiratory chain of Chromera velia, a phototrophic relative of parasitic apicomplexans, lacks complexes I and III, making it a uniquely reduced aerobic mitochondrion. In Chromera, putative lactate:cytochrome c oxidoreductases are predicted to transfer electrons from lactate to cytochrome c, rendering complex III unnecessary. The mitochondrial genome of Chromera has the smallest known protein-coding capacity of all mitochondria, encoding just cox1 and cox3 on heterogeneous linear molecules. In contrast, another photosynthetic relative of apicomplexans, Vitrella brassicaformis, retains the same set of genes as apicomplexans and dinoflagellates (cox1, cox3, and cob)