8 research outputs found
Cosmological distance indicators
We review three distance measurement techniques beyond the local universe:
(1) gravitational lens time delays, (2) baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO), and
(3) HI intensity mapping. We describe the principles and theory behind each
method, the ingredients needed for measuring such distances, the current
observational results, and future prospects. Time delays from strongly lensed
quasars currently provide constraints on with < 4% uncertainty, and with
1% within reach from ongoing surveys and efforts. Recent exciting discoveries
of strongly lensed supernovae hold great promise for time-delay cosmography.
BAO features have been detected in redshift surveys up to z <~ 0.8 with
galaxies and z ~ 2 with Ly- forest, providing precise distance
measurements and with < 2% uncertainty in flat CDM. Future BAO
surveys will probe the distance scale with percent-level precision. HI
intensity mapping has great potential to map BAO distances at z ~ 0.8 and
beyond with precisions of a few percent. The next years ahead will be exciting
as various cosmological probes reach 1% uncertainty in determining , to
assess the current tension in measurements that could indicate new
physics.Comment: Review article accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews
(Springer), 45 pages, 10 figures. Chapter of a special collection resulting
from the May 2016 ISSI-BJ workshop on Astronomical Distance Determination in
the Space Ag
The stellar mass content of submillimeter-selected galaxies
We present a new study of stellar mass in a sample of ~70 submillimeter-selected galaxies (SMGs) with accurate spectroscopic redshifts. We fit combinations of stellar population synthesis models and power laws to the galaxies' observed-frame optical through mid-IR spectral energy distributions (SEDs) to separate stellar emission from non-stellar near-IR continuum. The availability of spectroscopic redshifts significantly enhances our ability to determine unambiguously not only the mass and luminosity of SMGs, but also the presence and contribution of non-stellar emission to their SEDs. By separating the stellar emission from the non-stellar near-IR continuum, we find that ~50% of our sample have non-stellar contributions of less than 10% in rest-frame H band and ~10% of our sample have non-stellar contributions greater than 50%. We find that the K-band luminosity of the non-stellar continuum emission is correlated with hard X-ray luminosity, indicating an active galactic nucleus (AGN) origin of the emission. Upon subtracting this AGN-contributed continuum component from all of the galaxies in our sample, we determine a lower median stellar mass for SMGs than previous studies, ~7 Ă 1010 M sun. We use constraints of the starburst timescale from molecular gas studies to estimate the amount of fading our sample would undergo if they passively evolve after the starburst terminates. The results suggest that typical SMGs, while among the most massive galaxies at z ~ 2, are likely to produce descendants of similar mass and luminosity to L* galaxies in the local universe
A mid-infrared imaging survey of submillimeter-selected galaxies with the Spitzer space telescope
We present Spitzer-IRAC and MIPS mid-IR observations of a sample of 73 radio-detected submillimeter-selected galaxies (SMGs) with spectroscopic redshifts, the largest such sample published to date. From our data, we find that IRAC colors of SMGs are much more uniform as compared with rest-frame UV and optical colors, and z>1.5 SMGs tend to be redder in their mid-IR colors than both field galaxies and lower-z SMGs. However, the IRAC colors of the SMGs overlap those of field galaxies sufficiently that color-magnitude and color-color selection criteria suggested in the literature to identify SMG counterparts produce ambiguous counterparts within an 8'' radius in 20%-35% of cases. We use a rest-frame J-H versus H-K color-color diagram and a S 24/S 8.0 versus S 8.0/S 4.5 color-color diagram to determine that 13%-19% of our sample are likely to contain active galactic nuclei which dominate their mid-IR emission. We observe in the rest-frame JHK colors of our sample that the rest-frame near-IR emission of SMGs does not resemble that of the compact nuclear starburst observed in local ultraluminous IR galaxies and is consistent with more widely distributed star formation. We take advantage of the fact that many high-z galaxy populations selected at different wavelengths are detected by Spitzer to carry out a brief comparison of mid-IR properties of SMGs to UV-selected high-z galaxies, 24 ÎŒm-selected galaxies, and high-z radio galaxies, and find that SMGs have mid-IR fluxes and colors which are consistent with being more massive and more reddened than UV-selected galaxies, while the IRAC colors of SMGs are most similar to powerful high-z radio galaxies
A Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS and ACS morphological study of z⌠2 submillimetre galaxies.
We present a quantitative morphological analysis using HST NICMOS H160- and
ACS I775- band imaging of 25 spectroscopically confirmed submillimetre galaxies
(SMGs) which have redshifts between z=0.7-3.4. Our analysis also employs a
comparison sample of more typical star-forming galaxies at similar redshifts
(such as LBGs) which have lower far-infrared luminosities. This is the first
large-scale study of the morphologies of SMGs in the near-infrared at ~0.1"
resolution (<1kpc). We find that the half light radii of the SMGs
(r_h=2.3+/-0.3 and 2.8+/-0.4kpc in the observed I- and H-bands respectively)
and asymmetries are not statistically distinct from the comparison sample of
star-forming galaxies. However, we demonstrate that the SMG morphologies differ
more between the rest-frame UV and optical-bands than typical star-forming
galaxies and interpret this as evidence for structured dust obscuration. We
show that the composite observed H-band light profile of SMGs is better fit
with a Sersic index with n~2, suggesting the stellar structure of SMGs is best
described by a spheroid/elliptical galaxy light distribution. We also compare
the sizes and stellar masses of SMGs to local and high-redshift populations,
and find that the SMGs have stellar densities which are comparable to local
early-type galaxies, as well as luminous, red and dense galaxies at z~1.5 which
have been proposed as direct SMG descendants, although the SMG stellar masses
and sizes are systematically larger. Overall, our results suggest that the
physical processes occuring within the galaxies are too complex to be simply
characterised by the rest-frame UV/optical morphologies which appear to be
essentially decoupled from all other observables, such as bolometric
luminosity, stellar or dynamical mass.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 12 pages, 8 figs. High resolution
version available at: http://astro.dur.ac.uk/~ams/papers/smg_morph.pd
Confirming a population of hot-dust dominated, star-forming, ultraluminous galaxies at high redshift
We identify eight z>1 radio sources undetected at 850um but robustly detected
at 70um, confirming that they represent ultraluminous infrared galaxies
(ULIRGs) with hotter dust temperatures (T_dust=52+-10 K) than Submillimetre
Galaxies (SMGs) at similar luminosities and redshifts. These galaxies share
many properties with SMGs: ultra-violet (UV) spectra consistent with
starbursts, high stellar masses and radio luminosities. We can attribute their
radio emission to star formation since high-resolution MERLIN radio maps show
extended emission regions (with half light radii of 2-3kpc), which are unlikely
to be generated by AGN activity. These observations provide the first direct
confirmation of hot, dusty ULIRGs which are missed by current submillimetre
surveys. They have significant implications for future observations from the
Herschel Space Observatory and SCUBA2, which will select high redshift luminous
galaxies with less selection biases.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures; accepted for publication in MNRA
The properties of submm galaxies in hierarchical models
We use the combined GALFORM semi-analytical model of galaxy formation and GRASIL spectrophotometric code to investigate the properties of galaxies selected via their submillimetre (submm) emission. The fiducial model we use has previously been shown to fit the properties of local Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxies, as well as the number counts of faint submm galaxies. Here, we test the model in more detail by comparing the SEDs and stellar, dynamical, gas and halo masses of submm galaxies against observational data. We precisely mimic the submm and radio selection function of the observations and show that the predicted far-infrared properties of model galaxies with S850 > 5 mJy and S1.4 > 30 ÎŒJy are in good agreement with observations. Although the dust emission model does not assume a single dust temperature, the far-infrared SEDs are well described by single component modified blackbody spectrum with characteristic temperature 32 ± 5 K, in good agreement with observations. We also find evidence that the observations may have uncovered evolution in the far-infraredâradio relation in ULIRGs out to z⌠2. We show that the predicted redshift distribution of submm galaxies provides a reasonable fit to the observational data with a median redshift z= 2.0. The radio-selected subset of submm galaxies are predicted to make up approximately 75 per cent of the population and peak at z= 1.7, in a reasonable agreement with the observed radio detected fraction and redshift distribution. However, the predicted K band and mid-infrared (3â8 ÎŒm) flux densities of the submm galaxies [and Lyman-Break Galaxies (LBGs)] are up to a factor of 10Ă fainter than observed. We show that including the stellar thermally pulsating asymptotic giant branch phase in the stellar population models does not make up for this deficit. This discrepancy may indicate that the stellar masses of the submm galaxies in the model are too low: Mâ
⌠1010Mâ, while observations suggest more massive systems, Mâ
âł 1011Mâ. However, if the predicted K- and 3â8-ÎŒm extinctions in the model could be dramatically reduced, then this would reduce, but not eliminate, this discrepancy. Finally, we discuss the potential modifications to the models which may improve the fit to the observational data, as well as the new observational tests which will be made possible with the arrival of new facilities, such as Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array2