From Drinkseller to Social Entrepreneur: The Parisian Working-Class Café Owner, 1789-1914

Contemporary observers often referred to the working-class drinking establishment as the "church of the working class" or as the place where workers felt most at ease. This article demonstrates the' validity ofthese statements. Parisian drinksellers sold much more than drink and food; they also sold a sense of tranquility that the Parisian populace transformed into an atmosphere of domesticity by conducting much of their personal and family life in cafés, from courting to child rearing. Workers extensively asked café owners to witness marriages and baptisms. As a result, cafés, unlike eighteenth-century taverns, often were theatres of family conflict.Les observateurs contemporains ont souvent appelé les débits d'alcool fréquentés par les membres de la classe ouvrière les « temples de la classe ouvrière », ou l'endroit où les ouvriers se sentent le plus à l'aise. Cet article démontre la justesse de ces énoncés. En outre, les tenanciers de débits de boisson parisiens vendaient aussi un sentiment de tranquillité que les Parisiens transformaient en ambiance de domesticité, en menant une bonne partie de leur vie personnelle et familiale dans les cafés, et cela allait de faire la cour à éduquer les enfants. Les ouvriers demandaient souvent aux tenanciers de cafés d'être témoins de mariages et de baptêmes. Par conséquent, contrairement aux tavernes du XVIIe siècle, les cafés étaient souvent le théâtre de querelles familiales

Use of SF6 to estimate anthropogenic CO2 in the upper ocean

The highest concentrations of anthropogenic carbon (C_ant) are found in the upper layers of the world ocean. However, this is where seasonal variability of inorganic carbon and related parameters due to thermal and biological effects complicates use of back-calculation approaches for C ant . Tracer based approaches to C_ant estimation are unaffected by biological variability and have found wide application. However, slow-down, even reversal, of the atmospheric growth of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) restricts use of these tracers for C ant estimation for waters ventilated since the mid 1990s. Here we apply SF6, a tracer that continues to increase in the atmosphere, as a basis for the C_ant estimation, using samples collected in the midlatitude North Atlantic in 2004. C ant estimates derived from water mass transit time distributions (TTDs) calculated with SF6 are compared to those based on CFC-12. For recently ventilated waters (pCFC-12 > ∼450 ppt), the uncertainty of SF6 based estimates of C_ant is ∼6 μmol kg−1 less than that of CFC-12 based estimates. CFC-12 based estimates remain more reliable for older (deeper) water masses, as a result of the longer input history and more readily detectable concentrations of CFC-12. Historical data suggest that the near-surface saturation of CFC-12 has increased over time, in inverse proportion to its atmospheric growth rate. Use of a time-dependent saturation of CFC-12 in TTD calculations appears to provide more reliable estimation of C_ant

Ocean chlorofluorocarbon and heat uptake during the twentieth century in the CCSM3

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society 2006. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 19 (2006): 2366–2381, doi:10.1175/JCLI3758.1.An ensemble of nine simulations for the climate of the twentieth century has been run using the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3). Three of these runs also simulate the uptake of chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11) into the ocean using the protocol from the Ocean Carbon Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP). Comparison with ocean observations taken between 1980 and 2000 shows that the global CFC-11 uptake is simulated very well. However, there are regional biases, and these are used to identify where too much deep-water formation is occurring in the CCSM3. The differences between the three runs simulating CFC-11 uptake are also briefly documented. The variability in ocean heat content in the 1870 control runs is shown to be only a little smaller than estimates using ocean observations. The ocean heat uptake between 1957 and 1996 in the ensemble is compared to the recent observational estimates of the secular trend. The trend in ocean heat uptake is considerably larger than the natural variability in the 1870 control runs. The heat uptake down to 300 m between 1957 and 1996 varies by a factor of 2 across the ensemble. Some possible reasons for this large spread are discussed. There is much less spread in the heat uptake down to 3 km. On average, the CCSM3 twentieth-century ensemble runs take up 25% more heat than the recent estimate from ocean observations. Possible explanations for this are that the model heat uptake is calculated over the whole ocean, and not just in the regions where there are many observations and that there is no parameterization of the indirect effects of aerosols in CCSM3.Support provided by the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and the Earth Simulator Center of the Japan Agency for Marine- Earth Science and Technology