Situation analysis of perceptions on comprehensiveness of rape prevention interventions by implementing agencies in Addis Ababa

Abstract in English, Xhosa and AfrikaansThe victimization of women and children represents one of the public health problems deserving urgent attention in Ethiopia, making the prevention of rape in all its forms a matter of vital importance. The purpose of the study was mainly to describe the extent of rape prevention interventions in Addis Ababa and examine efforts to assist rape survivors based on the perceptions of professionals working for organizations operating in this context. The study had a further purpose of identifying difficulties faced by government institutions and making suitable recommendations for the improvement of rape prevention interventions and programs in the future. A qualitative descriptive research approach was adopted mainly involving in-depth interviews for primary data collection. The study involved 14 research participants purposively selected from five government institutions. The study findings indicated Gandhi Memorial Hospital to be the only institution in Ethiopia implementing an integrated rape prevention intervention. Efforts were directed largely at secondary prevention, with little attention being paid to primary prevention. Recommendations included tackling the multiple factors influencing rape at different levels of the social-ecological model simultaneously through the implementation, strengthening, and intensification of well-designed, comprehensive rape prevention interventions and programs.Ukuxhatshazwa kwabafazi nabantwana e-Ethiopia kufana nenye yeengxaki zempilo kwaye kudinga ukuthathelwa ingqalelo ngokungxamisekileyo. Oku kwenza ukuba ukuthintela ukudlwengulwa ngazo zonke iindlela kube ngumbandela obaluleke kakhulu. Injongo yesi sifundo ibikukucacisa iindlela zokuthintela ukudlwengulwa eAddis Ababa, nokuvavanya imizamo yokunceda abo bakhe badlwengulwa, ngokokubona kwabo basebenzela amaqumrhu aququzelela lo msebenzi. Enye injongo yesi sifundo ibikukuchonga ubunzima obufunyanwa ngamaziko aseburhulumenteni ajongene neli candelo ukuze kunikwe iingcebiso zokuphucula amacebo neenkqubo zokuthintela ukudlwengulwa. Kuqhutywe uhlobo lophando lomgangatho nolucacisayo, apho kuqokelelwe iinkcukacha zolwazi ngokwenza udliwano ndlebe olunzulu. Kusetyenzwe nabathathi nxaxheba abali-14 abakhethwe ngobuchule kumaziko aseburhulumenteni ama-5. Okufunyaniswe sesi sifundo kubonakalise ukuba isibhedlele esiyiGandhi Memorial siso sodwa esinenkqubo elungelelaniswe kakuhle yokuthintela ukudlwengulwa. Imigudu yokhukhusela ijoliswe ekuncedeni kwiziqhamo zodlwengulo nasekufundiseni ngodlwengulo (secondary prevention) hayi kudlwengulo ngqo (primary prevention). Amacebiso esifundo aquka ukulwa neemeko eziphembelela udlwengulo olwenzeka kumazinga ahlukeneyo oluntu, ngaxeshanye nokuqinisa ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo eziqulunqwe kakuhle zokuthintela udlwengulo.Die viktimisering van vroue en kinders is een van talle kwessies in die openbare gesondheid van Ethiopië wat dringend aandag vereis, aangesien die voorkoming van verkragting in enige vorm van die allergrootste belang is. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die omvang te bepaal van intervensies om verkragting in Addis Abeba te voorkom, en om die hulp wat aan verkragtingslagoffers verleen word, te ondersoek op grond van die belewenisse van beroepslui wat in hierdie verband vir organisasies werk. Hierdie studie het dit verder ten doel gehad om die probleme aan te toon waarmee staatsinstellings in hierdie opsig te kampe het, en om beter intervensies en programme vir die voorkoming van verkragting aan te beveel. ʼn Kwalitatiewe en deskriptiewe navorsingsbenadering is gevolg. Dit het omvattende onderhoude behels waartydens primêre data versamel is. Altesame 14 deelnemers by vyf staatsinstellings is vir hierdie doel gekies. Volgens die bevindings is die Gandhi Gedenkhospitaal die enigste instelling in Ethiopië wat ʼn geïntegreerde program vir die voorkoming van verkragting ingestel het. Sekondêre voorkoming geniet voorrang, terwyl primêre voorkoming min aandag geniet. Daar word aanbeveel dat tegelykertyd werk gemaak word van die veelvuldige faktore wat verkragting op verskillende vlakke van die sosiaal-ekologiese model beïnvloed. Dit moet gedoen word deur deeglik ontwerpte, omvattende intervensies en programme om verkragting te voorkom in werking te stel, uit te bou en te verskerp.SociologyM.A. (Sociology

From microhabitat ecohydraulics to an improved management of river catchments: bridging the gap between scales

[EN] Ecohydraulic studies in rivers range from local-scale studies, which target a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying biological responses to microhabitat hydraulics, to large-scale studies, which address the influence of hydro-morphological management on catchment biodiversity. A major challenge in the field is to bridge the gap between local- and large-scale studies, in order to base the large-scale physical management of rivers on general and transferable ecohydraulic processes. This Special Issue includes ten articles that illustrate progresses and difficulties to bridge this gap. It gathers microhabitat-scale studies focused on the identification of major ecohydraulic mechanisms, reach-scale studies that typically target generality and transferability across reaches, and examples of catchment-scale management based on general ecohydrological knowledge. The Special Issue illustrates how ecohydraulics have evolved to better integrate dynamic physical processes, ecological concepts and the consideration of ecosystem services. Although this remains challenging in practice, the Special Issue shows the need to integrate dynamic hydraulic descriptors of the environment for improving the cost-effectiveness of large-scale rivermanagement and restoration. These articles were presented at the 10th International Symposium on Ecohydraulics in Trondheim, Norway (2014), where the first symposium on ecohydraulics was organised 20 years before. The 10th issue of the symposium celebrated 20 years of ecohydraulic research and had about 300 delegates, giving 194 talks and presenting 86 posters.Harby, A.; Martinez-Capel, F.; Lamouroux, N. (2017). From microhabitat ecohydraulics to an improved management of river catchments: bridging the gap between scales. River Research and Applications. 33:189-191. doi:10.1002/rra.3114S18919133Anderson, D., Moggridge, H., Shucksmith, J. D., & Warren, P. H. (2015). Quantifying the Impact of Water Abstraction for Low Head ‘Run of the River’ Hydropower on Localized River Channel Hydraulics and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. River Research and Applications, 33(2), 202-213. doi:10.1002/rra.2992Doyle, M. W., Stanley, E. H., Strayer, D. L., Jacobson, R. B., & Schmidt, J. C. (2005). Effective discharge analysis of ecological processes in streams. Water Resources Research, 41(11). doi:10.1029/2005wr004222Egger, G., Politti, E., Lautsch, E., Benjankar, R. M., & Rood, S. B. (2016). Time and Intensity Weighted Indices of Fluvial Processes: a Case Study from the Kootenai River, USA. River Research and Applications, 33(2), 224-232. doi:10.1002/rra.2997Hailegeorgis, T. T., & Alfredsen, K. (2016). Regional Statistical and Precipitation-Runoff Modelling for Ecological Applications: Prediction of Hourly Streamflow in Regulated Rivers and Ungauged Basins. River Research and Applications, 33(2), 233-248. doi:10.1002/rra.3006Lamouroux, N., Pella, H., Snelder, T. H., Sauquet, E., Lejot, J., & Shankar, U. (2013). Uncertainty Models for Estimates of Physical Characteristics of River Segments Over Large Areas. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 50(1), 1-13. doi:10.1111/jawr.12101Harby, A., Martinez- Capel, F., & Lamouroux, N. (2017). From Microhabitat Ecohydraulics to an Improved Management of River Catchments: Bridging the gap Between Scales. River Research and Applications, 33(2), 189-191. doi:10.1002/rra.3114Martínez-Capel, F., García-López, L., & Beyer, M. (2016). Integrating Hydrological Modelling and Ecosystem Functioning for Environmental Flows in Climate Change Scenarios in the Zambezi River (Zambezi Region, Namibia). River Research and Applications, 33(2), 258-275. doi:10.1002/rra.3058Martínez-Fernández, V., González del Tánago, M., Maroto, J., & García de Jalón, D. (2016). Fluvial Corridor Changes Over Time in Regulated and Non-Regulated Rivers (Upper Esla River, NW Spain). River Research and Applications, 33(2), 214-223. doi:10.1002/rra.3032Mathews, R., & Richter, B. D. (2007). Application of the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration Software in Environmental Flow Setting1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 43(6), 1400-1413. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00099.xNoack, M., Ortlepp, J., & Wieprecht, S. (2016). An Approach to Simulate Interstitial Habitat Conditions During the Incubation Phase of Gravel-Spawning Fish. River Research and Applications, 33(2), 192-201. doi:10.1002/rra.3012Nzau Matondo, B., Benitez, J. P., Dierckx, A., Philippart, J. C., & Ovidio, M. (2016). Assessment of the Entering Stock, Migration Dynamics and Fish Pass Fidelity of European Eel in the Belgian Meuse River. River Research and Applications, 33(2), 292-301. doi:10.1002/rra.3034Parasiewicz P Castelli E Rogers J Vezza P Kapusta A 2017 Implementation of the natural flow paradigm to protect dwarf wedgemussel ( Alasmidonta heterodon ) in the upper Delaware River River Research and Applications 33 2 276 290 10.1002/rra.3112Rice, S. P., Little, S., Wood, P. J., Moir, H. J., & Vericat, D. (2010). The relative contributions of ecology and hydraulics to ecohydraulics. River Research and Applications, 26(4), 363-366. doi:10.1002/rra.1369Roy, M. L., Roy, A. G., & Legendre, P. (2010). The relations between ‘standard’ fluvial habitat variables and turbulent flow at multiple scales in morphological units of a gravel-bed river. River Research and Applications, 26(4), 439-455. doi:10.1002/rra.1281Seliger, C., Scheikl, S., Schmutz, S., Schinegger, R., Fleck, S., Neubarth, J., … Muhar, S. (2015). Hy:Con: A Strategic Tool For Balancing Hydropower Development And Conservation Needs. River Research and Applications, 32(7), 1438-1449. doi:10.1002/rra.2985Statzner, B., Gore, J. A., & Resh, V. H. (1988). Hydraulic Stream Ecology: Observed Patterns and Potential Applications. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 7(4), 307-360. doi:10.2307/1467296Vowles, A. S., Eakins, L. R., Piper, A. T., Kerr, J. R., & Kemp, P. (2013). Developing Realistic Fish Passage Criteria: An Ecohydraulics Approach. Ecohydraulics, 143-156. doi:10.1002/9781118526576.ch

Identification of spatially distributed precipitation-runoff response routines for hourly simulation in gauged and ungauged basins

Due to sudden and considerable flow fluctuations during hydropeaking operation, forecasting of inflow to hydropower reservoirs at high temporal resolution (e.g. hourly) is required. Prediction of streamflow for both gauged and ungauged basins using Precipitation-Runoff (P-R) models is widely employed for operational purposes. However, there are various challenging factors and inherent uncertainties in the P-R modelling. Moreover, for the boreal Norwegian catchments there are research gaps for prediction of hourly streamflow related to identification of suitable parameterizations, model structures and regionalization methods for prediction in ungauged basins (PUB). Therefore, to address some of the research gaps, comprehensive calibration and postcalibration comparative evaluation of the performances of the different runoff response routines for both catchment and regional scale modelling are required. This is required to improve the runoff simulation based on observed input climate forcing (simulation mode) and hence for the improvement of hydrological forecast (forecast mode). The objective of the first paper (P1) in this study was the identification of six different cases of explicitly resolved or probabilistic parameterizations of the spatial heterogeneity of a single state subsurface storage capacity. We conducted semidistributed and distributed simulations based on the ‘fill-and-spill’ saturation excess, infiltration excess and subsurface drainage runoff mechanisms. Equivalent performances of simulation from the different cases indicate the unidentifiably of the parameterizations and hence a preference for a parsimonious simple distributed parameterization. Identification requires more representative input climate data than a mere calibration problem. In addition, calibration only to streamflow data cannot fully identify the parameterizations. In light of the findings from the first paper, we conducted a study on identification of parametrical parsimonious and more complex configurations of the widely used conceptual Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) runoff response routine in the second paper (P2). Despite equivalent streamflow simulations for the tested HBV variants, a parametrical parsimonious HBV routine (HBV-Parsim) provided better parameter identifiability and more reliable baseflow simulation. In the other variants, considerable interactions between the soil moisture accounting and the response routine parameters and compensation between the outflow from the upper reservoir and the baseflow from the lower reservoir affect the reliability of the simulation. Hence, evaluation of the reliability of internal simulations of baseflow and soil moisture by the widely used HBV routines against tailor-made analytical methods or observations is necessary. Inspired by the preference to parsimony in P1 and P2 and the compensation between the fluxes from multiple storage reservoirs of the conceptual model in P2, our objective in P3 was geared towards the evaluation of the performance of a distributed version of a ‘top-down’ parsimonious single storage routine (hereafter named Kirchmod). We applied the principle of catchments as simple dynamical systems following Kirchner (2009) for a macroscale (3090 km2) mountainous catchment of considerable runoff delay compared to the hourly simulation. In this case, we both set the response routine parameters by estimation from streamflow recession analysis and by calibration. We obtained simulated streamflow hydrographs and flow duration curves that are in good agreement with the observed and transferability of the optimal parameter sets to the interior subcatchments validated the model. However, the parameter calibration provides slightly better simulation of peak flows than estimation from the recession analysis. In addition, the various sources of uncertainty in parameter estimation needs thorough assessment. There is no marked influence of the runoff delay due to the correlation among the free parameters, which indicates problems of parameter nonidentifiability even for the parsimonious routine. Based on the findings from the catchment scale performances of the P-R response routines in P1, P2 and P3, we wished to address the issues of Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB) through multi-model identification of different regionalization methods on 26 catchments in a mid-Norway study region in P4. We found that the best performing regionalization methods for the catchments vary among the model structures and evaluation metrics. However, based on the regional performances, the regionalization methods based on the single-donor physical similarity and the multidonor regional calibration corresponding to maximum regional weighted average (MRWA) performance measures (PM) performed better than the nearest neighbor and regional median parameters. The lack of data on the subsurface physical attributes and high- density hourly hydro-climatic gauging networks for the region can affect the performances of the regionalization methods, which needs scrutiny in future endeavors. The fifth objective was the identification of distributed P-R response routines relevant to operational purposes based on a multi-basin (26 catchments) local and regional calibration in P5. The best performing model structure(s) vary among the catchments and the evaluation metrics and hence there is no unique model structure that performs best for all catchments in the region. However, the Kirchmod followed by the BGM perform better than the various configurations of the HBV routine for the majority of the catchments and in terms of the regional calibration (MRWA) for the PUB. Therefore, flexible models and a multi-basin modelling framework, which allow identification of models for hourly simulation among a pool of plausible options for several catchments in the region, is better than the common single catchment model for operational purposes. In P1 to P5, we observed the challenges in identifying a unique regional P-R response routine due to the uniqueness of catchments runoff response and various sources of uncertainties. The last objective of the thesis was the development of data based statistical model and comparative evaluations against the best performing P-R response routine for hourly prediction in an ungauged and regulated basin for ecological applications in P6. A simple regional regression model based on the relationship among streamflow percentiles and catchment drainage areas, and regional transfer of streamflow information to the nearest neighbor catchment performed better than the MRWA based transfer of model parameters using the Kirchmod. We found the simple regional regression model to be useful to predict a natural time series of streamflow in a regulated river to derive ecologically relevant streamflow metrics, for assessing hydrological alterations due to regulation and hydropeaking and environmental flows

Regional Statistical and Precipitation–Runoff Modelling for Ecological Applications: Prediction of Hourly Streamflow in Regulated Rivers and Ungauged Basins

Prediction of natural streamflow in regulated rivers for derivation of ecologically relevant streamflow metrics (ERSFMs) and prediction in ungauged basins (PUB) are important in management of water resources. However, specific studies on comparison of methods for predicting hourly flow regime relevant to ecological study in regulated (hydropeaking) rivers are rare in literature. Therefore, using catchments in mid Norway, we performed comparative evaluation of prediction of hourly streamflow series and flow duration curves (FDCs) in ungauged basins. We developed a regional regression model based on relationships among streamflow percentiles and drainage areas and performed a regional calibration of a streamflow recession based precipitation–runoff (P–R) model. A leave one out cross-validation procedure was used to evaluate the regional models. The results indicate that the regional regression model with transferring of streamflow information based on the nearest neighbour performed better than both transferring optimal parameters from local calibration and regional parameter sets corresponding to maximum regional weighted average Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of the P–R model (NSEMRWA). We also evaluated the models based on prediction of some environmental indices: the daily range, daily standard deviation, flashiness, maximum ramping rate, number of rise and falls and daily flow changes. However, both modelling strategies predicted hourly streamflow indices well and appeared stable over most indices while the largest differences occurred in the rise and fall counts. The models were further applied for prediction of the natural streamflow time series at Sokna hydropeaking plant. The observed hydrograph exhibits continuous sudden fluctuations while the predicted natural flow hydrograph exhibits smooth pattern. The within a year FDCs for observed flow exhibits sharp transitions from high to low flows. There is clear differences between the environmental indices obtained for the observed and the modelled data series, with the general observation that the NSEMRWA computing a smaller variability than the regression model

Multi-basin and regional calibration based identification of distributed precipitation–runoff models for hourly runoff simulation: calibration and transfer of full and partial parameters

Identification of distributed precipitation–runoff models for hourly runoff simulation based on transfer of full parameters (FP) and partial parameters (PP) are lacking for boreal mid-Norway. We evaluated storage–discharge relationships based model (Kirchmod), the Basic-Grid-Model (BGM) and a simplified Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) model for multi-basins (26 catchments). A regional calibration objective function, which uses all streamflow records in the region, was used to optimize local calibration parameters for each catchment and regional parameters yielding maximum regional weighted average (MRWA) performance measures (PM). Based on regional median Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and NSEln (for log-transformed series) for the calibration and validation periods, the Kirchmod model performed better than the others. Parsimony of the Kirchmod model provided less parameter uncertainty for the FP case but did not guarantee parameter identifiability. Tradeoffs between parsimony and performance were observed despite advantages of parsimony to reduce parameter correlations for the PP, which requires preliminary sensitivity analysis to identify which parameters to transfer. There are potential advantages of using the MRWA method for parameter transfer in space. However, temporal validation indicated marked deterioration of the PM. The tradeoffs between parameter transfers in space and time substantiate both spatial and temporal validation of the regional calibration methodology

Regional flood frequency analysis and prediction in ungauged basins including estimation of major uncertainties for mid-Norway

Study region: 26 boreal catchments (mid-Norway). Study focus: We performed regional flood frequency analysis (RFFA) using the L-moments method and annual maximum series (AMS) of mean daily streamflow observations for reliable prediction of flood quantiles. We used similarity in at-site and regional parameters of distributions, high flow regime and seasonality, and runoff response from precipitation-runoff models to identify homogeneous catchments, bootstrap resampling for estimation of uncertainty and regression methods for prediction in ungauged basins (PUB). New hydrological insights for the region: The rigorous similarity criteria are useful for identification of catchments. Similarity in runoff response has the least identification power. For the PUB, a linear regression between index-flood and catchment area (R2 = 0.95) performed superior to a power-law (R2 = 0.80) and a linear regression between at-site quantiles and catchment area (e.g. R2 = 0.88 for a 200 year flood). There is considerable uncertainty in regional growth curves (e.g. −6.7% to −13.5% and +5.7% to +24.7% respectively for 95% lower and upper confidence limits (CL) for 2–1000 years return periods). The peaks of hourly AMS are 2–47% higher than that of the daily series. Quantile estimates from at-site flood frequency analysis (ASFFA) for some catchments are outside the 95% CL. Uncertainty estimation, sampling of flood events from instantaneous or high-resolution observations and comparative evaluation of RFFA with ASFFA are important

High spatial-temporal resolution and integrated surface and subsurface Precipitation-Runoff modelling for a small stormwater catchment

Reliable runoff estimation is important for design of water infrastructure and flood risk management in urban catchments. We developed a spatially distributed Precipitation-Runoff (P-R) model that explicitly represents the land cover information, performs integrated modelling of surface and subsurface components of the urban precipitation water cycle and flow routing. We conducted parameter calibration and validation for a small (21.255 ha) stormwater catchment in Trondheim City during Summer-Autumn events and season, and snow-influenced Winter-Spring seasons at high spatial and temporal resolutions of respectively 5 m × 5 m grid size and 2 min. The calibration resulted in good performance measures (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, NSE = 0.65–0.94) and acceptable validation NSE for the seasonal and snow-influenced periods. The infiltration excess surface runoff dominates the peak flows while the contribution of subsurface flow to the sewer pipes also augments the peak flows. Based on the total volumes of simulated flow in sewer pipes (Qsim) and precipitation (P) during the calibration periods, the Qsim/P ranges from 21.44% for an event to 56.50% for the Winter-Spring season, which are in close agreement with the observed volumes (Qobs/P). The lowest percentage of precipitation volume that is transformed to the total simulated runoff in the catchment (QT) is 79.77%. Computation of evapotranspiration (ET) indicated that the ET/P is less than 3% for the events and snow-influenced seasons while it is about 18% for the Summer-Autumn season. The subsurface flow contribution to the sewer pipes are markedly higher than the total surface runoff volume for some events and the Summer-Autumn season. The peakiest flow rates correspond to the Winter-Spring season. Therefore, urban runoff simulation for design and management purposes should include two-way interactions between the subsurface runoff and flow in sewer pipes, and snow-influenced seasons. The developed urban P-R model is useful for better computation of runoff generated from different land cover, for assessments of stormwater management techniques (e.g. the Low Impact Development or LID) and the impacts of land cover and climate change. There are some simplifications or limitations such as the runoff routing does not involve detailed sewer hydraulics, effects of leakages from water supply systems and faulty/illegal connections from sanitary sewer are not considered, the model cannot identify actual locations of the interactions between the subsurface runoff and sewer pipes and lacks parsimony

Comparative evaluation of performances of different conceptualisations of distributed HBV runoff response routines for prediction of hourly streamflow in boreal mountainous catchments

Unidentifiability and equifinality of parameters pose challenges to calibration and prediction by conceptual precipitation-runoff models. Evaluation of prediction performances of parametrical parsimonious and more complex conceptualisations is lacking for hourly simulation. We conducted a comparative evaluation of four configurations of the distributed (1 × 1 km2 grids) HBV (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenballansavdelning) runoff response routines for hourly streamflow simulation for boreal mountainous catchments in mid-Norway. The routines include the standard Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute HBV or HBV-SMHI, HBV-non-linear (standard soil routine and non-linear reservoirs), HBV-Soil Parsim R (standard soil routine and linear reservoirs) and HBV-Parsim (parsimonious and linear soil routine and reservoirs). The routines provided simulated hydrographs, flow duration curves and quantile–quantile plots, which are marginally different from each other for the study catchments. However, the HBV-Parsim provided better parameter identifiability and uncertainty, and simulated baseflow that better matches the baseflow separated by filtering techniques. Performances of the HBV-Parsim indicated a potential for application of parametrical parsimonious routines, which would benefit model updating for forecasting purposes. The study revealed strong effects of the soil moisture (SM) parameters on the recharge, percolation and hence the baseflow, which substantiates the importance of evaluating the internal simulation (e.g., SM and baseflow) of the HBV routines against measurements or analytical computations

Regional Frequency Analysis of Extreme Precipitation with Consideration of Uncertainties to Update IDF Curves for the City of Trondheim

Regional frequency analysis based on the method of L-moments is performed from annual maximum series of extreme precipitation intensity to update Intensity–Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves for the city of Trondheim. The main problems addressed are (1) reduction of uncertainties of different sources for reliable estimation of quantiles: (i) testing of trend patterns and stationarity of the data series from the target site and demonstrating the dependency of results on the data used; (ii) testing regional homogeneity of extreme precipitation events for the climate regime in the study area and “pooling” of regional data for data augmentation and reduction of uncertainty due to short length of data series; and (iii) selection of distributions for extreme precipitation events of different durations to reduce the uncertainty due to choice of distributions; and (2) assessment and quantification of sampling uncertainty in terms of interval estimates (confidence bounds) of quantiles. Trend patterns and check for stationarity were demonstrated for a data from a target site based on both non-parametric Mann–Kendall and parametric regression tests. Selection of distributions was performed based on Z-statistics and L-moment ratio diagrams. Non-parametric balanced bootstrap resampling was used to quantify the sampling uncertainty. For extreme precipitation events of shorter durations (5–30 min) there are statistically significant increasing trend patterns for the data series with start years of 1992–1998 while there are no significant trend patterns for recent extremes and there are no statistically significant trend patterns for longer durations (45–180 min). The results of the analyses indicate that: (1) significance tests for trend patterns and stationarity are dependent on the data series used but the stationarity assumption is valid for the data series used from the target site. (2) the extreme precipitation events from four sites in Trondheim are homogeneous and can be “pooled” for regional analysis; (3) different types of distributions fit to extreme precipitation events of different durations which shows that thorough selection of distributions is indispensable rather than fitting a single distribution for the whole durations; (4) interval estimates from balanced bootstrap resampling indicated that there is huge sampling uncertainty in quantile estimation that needs to be addressed in any frequency analysis; and (5) large differences are observed between the IDF curves from this study and the existing IDF curves (i.e. Imetno). The IDF curves from this study are from data augmented through regional analysis, based on thorough procedures for selection of distributions and also include uncertainty bounds and hence are more reliable than the existing one. Hence, the methods and procedures followed in this study are expected to contribute to endeavors for estimating reliable IDF curves