Super-resolution imaging and estimation of protein copy numbers at single synapses with DNA-PAINT

In the brain, the strength of each individual synapse is defined by the complement of proteins present or the "local proteome." Activity-dependent changes in synaptic strength are the result of changes in this local proteome and posttranslational protein modifications. Although most synaptic proteins have been identified, we still know little about protein copy numbers in individual synapses and variations between synapses. We use DNA-point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography as a single-molecule super-resolution imaging technique to visualize and quantify protein copy numbers in single synapses. The imaging technique provides near-molecular spatial resolution, is unaffected by photobleaching, enables imaging of large field of views, and provides quantitative molecular information. We demonstrate these benefits by accessing copy numbers of surface AMPA-type receptors at single synapses of rat hippocampal neurons along dendritic segments

Hepatic Lipodystrophy in Galloway Calves

Hepatic lipodystrophy in Galloway calves is a fatal liver disease affecting a small proportion of the Galloway breed described in different parts of Europe and North America during the past decades. The clinical findings include a diversity of neurological signs. Clinical pathology findings frequently indicate hepatobiliary disease. Postmortem examination reveals an enlarged, pale yellow, and firm liver. Histologic lesions include hepatic fibrosis, hepatic lipidosis, and bile duct hyperplasia. To date, the etiopathogenesis remains obscure. Infectious causes, intoxications, and a hereditary origin have been considered. We describe hepatic lipodystrophy in Galloway calves from an extensively farmed cow-calf operation in southern Germany. Main clinical findings in 6 calves were consistent with hepatic encephalopathy. Clinical pathology findings in 5 of 6 tested animals revealed increased concentration of total bilirubin (maximum value [MV], 54 mol/l;reference range [RR], 250 U/g Hb). Postmortem examination in 6 calves revealed a firm, diffusely enlarged yellow liver with a finely nodular surface. Histologic lesions included hepatic fibrosis, hepatic lipidosis, and bile duct hyperplasia. Our findings add to the existing data on hepatic lipodystrophy in the Galloway breed and outline a protocol to aid in the diagnosis of this disorder

High voltage electron microscopy and electron diffraction of pyroxenes in type B lunar samples from Apollo 11

Lunar pyroxene 10044 specimens cleaved and sectioned by diamond knife ultramicrotomy were examined by standard (75 to 100 kV) and high voltage (200 kV) electron microscopy and diffraction. Salient findings based on evaluation of 2000 plates show uniform 300 to 600 A-wide bands, probably corresponding to single crystal domains, with lattice spacings of 2. A High resolution bright and dark field images of iron-rich and magnesium-rich crystals were compared with corresponding electron diffraction patterns. Possible relations of observed structures to magnetic domains were considered

miR-CATCH: microRNA capture affinity technology.

Several experimental methods exist to explore the microRNA (miRNA) regulome. These methods almost exclusively focus on multiple targets bound to a single, or perhaps a few miRNAs of interest. Here, we describe a microRNA capture affinity technology (miR-CATCH) which uses an affinity capture oligonucleotide to co-purify a single target messenger RNA (mRNA) together with all its endogenously bound miRNAs. This bench-top method is similar to RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and provides an experimental alternative to computational miRNA target prediction

Results and insight gained from applying the EnergyCat energy-saving serious game in UK social housing

Concerns about climate change associated with the combustion of fossil fuels urge a call for widespread reductions in household energy use. Determining means of achieving this is a key challenge faced by environmental scientists. The current research presents insights gained from a 12-month empirical trial of new serious game for energy, ‘EnergyCat’; which was designed to encourage household energy reductions in the UK social housing sector. Effects of gameplay on consumption behaviours and energy awareness were explored using 82 UK social housing households (versus a no-game control). Results indicated the intervention did not lead to any substantive changes in awareness or consumption practices. However, post-intervention feedback highlighted several issues in terms of game design and usability that may explain why the game failed to change behaviour in this instance. We provide a framework of suggestions as to how the game design process could be improved in order to engage residents in future, including use of adaptive fonts for older residents, and provision of clearer instructions on gameplay objectives at the outset. In addition, researchers should ensure close collaboration is maintained with residents throughout the design process in future efforts, in order to maximise likelihood of ongoing engagement from this population

Non-volatile molecular memory elements based on ambipolar nanotube field effect transistors

We have fabricated air-stable n-type, ambipolar carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs), and used them in nanoscale memory cells. N-type transistors are achieved by annealing of nanotubes in hydrogen gas and contacting them by cobalt electrodes. Scanning gate microscopy reveals that the bulk response of these devices is similar to gold-contacted p-CNFETs, confirming that Schottky barrier formation at the contact interface determines accessibility of electron and hole transport regimes. The transfer characteristics and Coulomb Blockade (CB) spectroscopy in ambipolar devices show strongly enhanced gate coupling, most likely due to reduction of defect density at the silicon/silicon-dioxide interface during hydrogen anneal. The CB data in the ``on''-state indicates that these CNFETs are nearly ballistic conductors at high electrostatic doping. Due to their nanoscale capacitance, CNFETs are extremely sensitive to presence of individual charge around the channel. We demonstrate that this property can be harnessed to construct data storage elements that operate at the few-electron level.Comment: 6 pages text, 3 figures and 1 table of content graphic; available as NanoLetters ASAP article on the we

Kvalitativni i kvantitativni sastav zajednice bentosa u proceni kvaliteta vode reke Neretve na lokalitetima Višići i Žitomišlići

This paper is a result of the research of the river Neretva benthos at sites Zitomislici and Visici (downstream of Mostar) from 2005. to 2010. The sampling was done once a year, and 'kick-sampling' sampling was used for macrointervertebrates, while the samples for the analysis of the phytobenthos composition were scraped from the sediment with a scalpel or run-off from the sediment (standard EN 13946: 2003 Water quality – Guidance). Results of the analysis point to 62 algae taxa at site Zitomislici and 69 at site Visici. Macrointervertebrates benthos composition points on dominance of snails and sensible groups of larvae stages of the EPT insect groups. Saprobic values of both biological factors are relatively balanced and for the river Neretva, at site Zitomislici, point to oligo/betamesosaprobe level, while at site Visici they point to betamesosaprobe level of quality