A flight experiment to determine GPS photochemical contamination accumulation rates

It was recently suggested that photochemically deposited contamination, originating from volatiles outgassed by a spacecraft, may be responsible for the anomalous degradation in power seen on the GPS Block 1 vehicles. In an attempt to confirm, or deny, the photochemical deposition rates predicted, a study was undertaken to design a flight experiment to be incorporated on the GPS vehicles currently in production. The objective was to develop an inexpensive, light weight instrument package that would give information on the contamination levels within a few months of launch. Three types of apparatus were studied, Quartz Crystal Microbalances, (QCM's), modified solar cells, and calorimeters. A calorimeter was selected due primarily to its impact on the production schedule of the GPS vehicles. An analysis of the sensitivity of the final design is compared to the predicted contamination accumulation rates in order to determine how long after launch it will take the experiment to show the effects of photochemical contamination

Green-house construction

Citation: Haffner, Hermann C. Green-house construction. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1900.Morse Department of Special CollectionsIntroduction: While the various glass structures are generally distinguished according to their use, as Rose houses, Palm houses, Store houses, Graperies, etc., for our present purpose, it will be well to first consider them from the builder’s standpoint, as lean-to, span roof, etc. These names have been applied from the various shapes that may be given to the houses. While any of these forms may be used for all purposes, each one of them is particularly adapted to the growth of certain plants; and as they each have their special advantages and disadvantages, they should all be considered. However, as the space is too limited for the treatment of all the various forms, I will consider simply the construction of an even span house. When erected in connection with some other building, the aspect and slope cannot always be regulated; but, when possible, greenhouses for this purpose should be on the south slope, so that no ray of light or heat will be cut off, either from the east or west. If against some other structure, it should be built north and south, with its north end next the other building. When locating a detached house, a level spot is not objectionable, if good drainage can be secured; but if it can be located at the top of a south and westerly slope, it is all the better, as there the sun is available for extra hours at both ends of the day. If the spot chosen is not level, it should be graded, if possible. A slope of two or three inches to sixty feet is not objectionable, for it will serve to carry off the drain from the gutters; and in a group of houses, while it is preferable that each house should be practically level, if the land selected cannot be readily graded so as to bring the house on the same level, there would be no serious objection to having the houses ranged one above the other, in regular tiers

Has the Franco-German Power Balance in the European Union Tipped in Favor of Germany?

The power balance between France and Germany in the European Union has been one of great discussion and debate. Countless journalists and scholars have argued that Germany’s power has risen gradually against the seemingly perpetually stronger France over the past sixty years, and is now finally set to surpass France; but how true are these claims? How can power within the EU truly be measured? Through an analysis of Franco-German collaboration through unionization, a critique of the contemporary discourse on the relationship, and an examination of changing contributions to the EU budget, my paper argues that the Franco-German power balance has never been truly equal, as Germany has continually been the largest source of economic power in the European Union since its creation

The Austrian School and crisis cycles

Abstract. The causal-realist approach to political economy, characteristic of the Austrian School, readily explains the causes behind credit cycles and the distinct phases between booms and busts.  An underlying relationship between money, banking, property, contracts, and entrepreneurship is the key dynamic.  Policy interventions that that allow financial institutions to violate monetary property rights impart systemic risk leading to vacillations between periods of rhapsodic expansion and distressed contraction.  Escaping the crisis cycle requires adopting policies that affirm monetary property rights, enforce deposit contracts, and denies any political authorities that inhibit the choice of a commodity-based currency, or tolerates the legal abrogation of fiduciary responsibility relative to money substitutes. Only when credit issuance is restrained by the level of genuine savings in proper money will a natural rate of interest harmonize the structure of production with consumer preferences.Keywords. Austrian School; Boom büst; Business cycle; Cost of living; Credit cycle; Crisis; Discount rate; Entrepreneurship; Individualism; Joseph A. Schumpeter; Ludwig von Mises; Money; Money creation; Monetary policy; Realism.JEL. B41; B53; E32; E52; E65

No well-defined remnant Fermi surface in Sr2CuO2Cl2

In angle-resolved photoelectron spectra of the antiferromagnetic insulators Ca2CuO2Cl2 and Sr2CuO2Cl2 a sharp drop of the spectral intensity of the lowest-lying band is observed along a line in k space equivalent to the Fermi surface of the optimally doped high-temperature superconductors. This was interpreted as a signature of the existence of a remnant Fermi surface in the insulating phase of the high-temperature superconductors. In this paper it is shown that the drop of the spectral intensity is not related to the spectral function but is a consequence of the electron-photon matrix elementComment: 4 pages, 3 figure